Viruses of the Mind by Richard Dawkins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Viruses of the disposition by Richard Dawkins - Essay ExampleReligion does not have much to do with reason. Religion imposes a reality rife with belief and faith, and without requiring reason (it is interesting that the very few people who claim that they place converse with god are labeled as quacks or insane by the very ones who reckon in god).Religion does have much to do with the pressure of conformity this, among other reasons, is why to the highest degree people unquestioningly accept and adhere to the religion of their youth. As Dawkins states, ...it is a telling fact that, the military personnel over, the vast majority of children follow the religion of their parents rather than any of the other available religions.According to Dawkins, a person exhibits faith when he is impelled by some deep, inner conviction that something is true, or right, or virtuous a conviction that doesnt seem to owe anything to evidence or reason, but which, nevertheless, he feels as totally com pelling and convincing. and that most religions make a positive virtue of faiths being strong and unshakable, in spite of not being based upon evidence.

Metaphysics questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Metaphysics questions - examine ExampleIdols of the Tribe concern themselves with all of humanity. They arise from the belief that what humans think and perceive is the last-ditch measure of things. The Idols of the Cave are the personal biases and prejudices that cloud how we perceive nature. The Idols of the Market place is the mis grounds amongst individuals that arises from the use of words. The Idols of the Theater are the erroneous ideas passed down through the ages that serve as a assumed scenery in our lives.3. The wax experiment was necessary for Descartes to establish the duality of man. He had established his human race through the cogito, so the reality of his mind was no longer doubted. In the wax experiment, Descartes discovers that though the fair qualities of the wax had changed, he still understood that this was wax. This showed an interaction between the mind and body, establishing the reality of the body as well as the mind.4. Descartes believed that he needed to rid himself of any preceding study in put together to reach understanding about what is real. He recognized that his own personal will as operate by his past experiences and sensory experiences needed to be abandoned. He therefore doubts any method of learning that has deceived him in the past even though he personal will is to continue to make star of the world through his senses.5. Buridan employed impetus theory as an anticipation of inertia by countering the rules of action laid down by Aristotle. The three phases described in relation to ballistics, where impetus over-rides gravity, then weakens causing the object to arc and then finally to succumb to gravity is a great step towards understanding inertia in the modern sense.6. Newtons Rules of Reasoning are a synthesis of prior understanding. They are not purely empirical, but empiricism does play a role in that he displayed an open skepticism of phenomena that could not be empirically expressed. His genius lies in br inging

Chemical engineering course work in clean process technolgy Coursework

Chemical engineering course work in clean process technolgy - Coursework ExampleNuclear energy provides a carbon free alternative to fossil raise, but after the Fukushima disaster in 2011, the acceptance of nuclear plants has become very difficult. Most new-fangled generating plants will continue to be based on fossil fuels. A study by BP plc., call Energy Outlook 2035, quoted by Mark Webster, shows that over the next 20 years CO2 emissions from the non-OECD persona will grow as shown in Figure 1 (Webster).The chart shows that CO2 emissions from the OECD countries would level wrap up at the levels prevailing in 2013 but the emissions from the non-OECD countries would rise rapidly. The red line marked IEA 450 is the target of 450 ppmv (parts per cardinal volume) of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere that the International Energy Agency considers as the absolute upper limit to prevent a temperature rise exceeding 20C. This is considered the upper limit of temperature rise to p revent smutty climate change (Webster).The vast majority of these new power plants will be coal pink-slipped since coal is the more or less abundant fossil fuel. A coal plant has an operating life of some 50 years and the need is for a technology that keep be retrofitted to existing fossil fuel power plants to capture CO2 emissions from the flue gases before they are emitted into the atmosphere.Post-combustion chemical absorption technology is the most promising of the carbon capture technologies presently available. Carbon dioxide emissions also occur from many other industrial processes other than power generation. These include steel mills, cement plants and oil refineries. Post-combustion chemical absorption technology can be readily applied to these industries as well.The schematic diagram of the post-combustion chemical absorption process is as shown in Figure 2 from a presentation by Dr. Stanley Santos of the International Energy Agency. The flue gases

Memo 6 M Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Memo 6 M - canvas ExampleThis clearly indicates that their loyalty is directed to the parties.The other work by Daniel Butler and David Nickerson takes a distinct perspective where it covers the question on whether the legislators are aware of the opinions of their constituents. The experiment to determine this was cautiously chosen so that the accuracy could not be affected by external factors. The experiment was conducted in a 2008 impertinent Mexicos special legislature session in which the constituents opinion on integrity time budget spending were forwarded to their legislators. The legislatures who received the opinions of their respective constituents were more likely to vote in party favour of the constituents opinions. This implies that raising awareness on the opinions of the constituents could affect the representation. One of the shortcomings of the study is that it does not assess other groups that whitethorn influence the decision taken by the legislator such as pa rties and lobbyists.The important part that I facial expression has not been answered is whether legislators should be trustees or delegates. From a personal viewpoint, they should be trustees because they are not different from institutional board members. This is because shareholders elect the board members to help in leading the company and the legislators are elected to do the same but for the

Asian Americans fighting for their rights Essay

Asian Americans fighting for their rights - Essay ExampleThis essay discusses that the crucial moment in the forming of the pose minority myth is the actual productivity of Asian Americans. And it is not the matter of race, tho more of the bringing up there is no belief among Asian American kids that the math is an inborn talent everything can be learned. They strive harder than Whites do, become better, meet higher social expectations and have to strive harder it becomes a vicious troll (The Model Minority Is Losing Patience). The issue is not in Asian excellence, but in the racial dissimilarity that artificially creates plainly equal conditions under the point that the measurement sample is White. This stereotype may sufficiently harm the Asian American students themselves.The model minority is a myth artificially inspired by the post-war times. This myth encompasses the variety of reasons actual efficiency prescribed by both upbringing and cultural influence, the seemingly long-gone prejudice of the alien nature of Asians, the cultural-social urge to seek the living embodiment of the American dream, the racial bow of the society that allows the permission of not accepting students under their race, disproportional statistics conduction. The historical lesson accepted by American Asians taught them the things that White children have long forgotten fighting. The actual situation regarding the social state of Asian Americans be the same they are the alien nation that strives to preserve the rights that are inherent to each American but not to each Asian American.

How Safe are Federal Regulations on Occupational Alcohol Use Essay - 1

How Safe are Federal Regulations on Occupational Alcohol affair - Essay Example in that location are various rules and regulations that have been set by the federal frame to check up on alcohol expenditure among workers in different social and economic sectors. For congresswoman Specific rules and regulations to control alcohol use in the transportation sector, construction sector, manufacturing, and military as well as among the police.However, introductory research show that the normal and legalized alcohol consumption has presented accidents at work places as well as poor productivity which in most cases are not identified by employees and their employers. Occupational accidents resulting from alcohol consumption by workers and their employers usually go unnoticed due to the fact that there has not been seemly research conducted in order to depict performance among employees working under the influence of alcohol.Alcohol consumption has various effects on the performance a nd the safety of workers which brush aside be extant or can occur the next day after consumption. These effects are categorized according to the pattern in which they affect the workers Residual effects which can exhibits different patterns of impacts. It generally connotes the physiological, behavioral and characteristics that may result from operose alcohol consumption after episodes of heavy drinking and when the Blood Alcohol Concentration is at zero. There are also acute effects of heavy drinking that may occur immediately or after long periods of time such as cancer, weight loss and severe impacts of the reproductive corpse (Howland, J et al.2006).The effects of alcohol may be notice from several physiological and psychological abnormalities such as headache, fatigue and nausea. Residual effects of alcohol affect various organizations at different levels for instance among the aircraft and automobile operators, researches have shown that Decreased performances among pilots and military jet operators have been noticed after periods of heavy

Journaling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Journaling - Essay Exampledaily doingss about how to consummate and reach a middle ground to be able to be an effective teacher-journalist in sort in a class which shows affection to learning.Wages are what a role player gets from money or solid appreciation of their work. This differs according to education and constitution the role player belongs to and works in. It is negotiable and thus the histrion could offer more for his working time the more the appreciated he is and the effect of such behavior is the giving expeditiously into the work done. If improperly done, the natural law has the right on the side of the customer and employer to track down the wages until proven better in the way of handling the work(referring to the worker)if the worker does not efficiently prove him or herself worthy of the wages they get they are either fired or demoted or abandoned a lesser salary or wages than the primary wages they have been given before the time of the inefficiency. The fa ct that workers could be differentiated among due to racial or religious backgrounds is unchallengeable but is not the purpose of this essay unless referred t o later on when wanted.When a worker deals with the surrounding environment they are affected upon and affect upon and this is directly relative or inversely proportional according to the manner that the environment is dealt with and how the worker is dealt with. The main thing is that the more appreciated the environment is to the worker the more efficient the worker works and thus the increase of productivity and quality and quantity of the product. notwithstanding is the wages a measure of such appreciation? sometimes ,if not under constrictions of strict law rules or employers who employ their relatives and friends who could not efficiently work in their positions, the wages to a great sect, if not most of the sect, deal with wages as being the best thing to measure the way that deed in such field by the worker has bee n progressing. The worker applies his methods of working and of

Commencement Speech for UH-Windward Class of 2023 Essay

Commencement Speech for UH-Windward Class of 2023 - Essay ExampleHope that a bright future, change with vast opportunities lies ahead. Fear that I might be entangled in the web of conflicting and enigmatic intricacies of professional and personal goals that none might end up accomplished. Anxious of achieving all my dreams and aspirations at once. refreshing for all the people who welcome, in one way or another, gave support and understanding during my incessant spare-time activity to gain more knowledge in preparation for my dream career. And relieved that my academic nightmares have in the long run ended. I stand here, for you today, not so much as a professional forensic lensman, merely more so as a professional traveler in life who fought to delve into a career which I loved against all odds. And is it all worth it?I have absolutely no intentions to bore you to death and make you all samples of my forensic expertise. My career as a forensic photographer was all what I imag ined it would be when I first dreamed of it more than twenty years ago. As you can see, the more or less challenging hindrance then, was my physical disability. But this seemingly detrimental barrier became my most redeeming factor which catapulted me to succeed. Impossible? Dreams and aspirations come from ones mind and heart. When one is utterly unyielding to reach ones goals, no barrier or hindrance can stand in the way. First lesson know your goal and pursue it with valor.I am sure you all have antithetic dreams and endeavors. Most of you have already made plans to go into careers of your choice. Some might still be incertain as to the specific directions. But, I am sure you have encountered people, situations, factors that block your path for success. I have encountered a lot.The Vocal Rehabilitation Officer at the US Department of Veterans Affairs, Mr. Les Sakuma, (God bless his soul although he still shares earthly pleasures with us), advised me to pursue a degree in Bus iness Management or Computer Science, of which I have already had

Health Informatics and Emerging Technologies Research Paper

Health Informatics and Emerging Technologies - research Paper ExampleElectronic Health Record (HER) is a form of a longitudinal computerized wellness recruit that comprises of digitalized health information about a population or individual patients (Smaltz, 2007). Statement The health data in electronic form is generated and stored in medical institutions with the help of microchips, smart cards, etc. Then, such records idler be accessed or be shared across within several healthcare settings through a network connection of information systems. The data contained in such records are in compact form and may include laboratory test results, billing information, medical history and other necessary medical data. This advancement in technology in medical field has enabled competent health record keeping, streamlined work flow, quality management, and safety and evidence based decision with supporting documents. Effective alimony of electronic health records is a key component for the efficient functioning of healthcare organizations. As these records contains real sensitive information and personal details about the patients, leakage of which could adversely affect the patients personal as well as the professional life and also the organizations standing. However, there are definite disadvantages with this Health informatics based system particularly related to high cost involved in installing and implementing the system, legal issues, etc. Although, there are demerits, there are many more merits for this system, and this written report will discuss how those merits can aid in the optimal functioning of Healthcare organizations. In addition, take down the demerits can be managed, if correct steps are taken. Reduced Health Care Costs image is a major contributor towards the increase in health care costs. Irrespective of the medical insurance safeguards, spending on imaging makes a lot of people avoid accessing medical services. However, this problem can become a thing of the past if the health care providers adopt the electronic health records system, as it is an effective way of averting the normal at the same metre expensive duplicating imaging procedures. apart(predicate) from the cost factor, by going for electronic storing and transfer of imaging outputs will also increase the readiness of the doctors in correct diagnosis. This was validated by a study conducted by Garrido et al. (2005) in Colorado and northwestward personas of Kaiser Permanente, a US integrated healthcare delivery system, using the population of 367, 795 members in the Colorado region and 449, 728 members in the Northwest region as the sample size. The results showed that after more recent increases in planetary use of imaging inside and outside Kaiser PermanenteThe chief of radiology in the Colorado region believed strongly that availability of electronic records to all carers improved interpretation of films. (Garrido et al. 2005). Storage of physic al records requires large amount of lay which translate to expensive storage, costs which can be easily cut down with the usage of EHRs. In addition, physical medical records may be stored in different areas and therefore induces the cost of transporting them where they are required. deliverance them to a single location for usage by health care providers is not only time consuming but also costly. Some times such records might be needed in multiple locations at the same time whereby there must be faxing or transporting costs incurred. completely these can be taken care of by using the EHRs. Quality Health

Business Plan to Sell Oil Rigs in MENA Region Essay

Business visualise to Sell Oil Rigs in MENA Region - Essay ExampleHowever, the success rate of a revolutionary business is expected remain high, if entrepreneurs is able to develop a realistic and achievable business cast by analysing and assessing the associated risk and by framing a set of effective and plausible strategies. This paper impart present a brief business that leave include product and social club features, grocery and court analysis with project timeline of the start up business. 2. Product Feature and its Advtantage The product is the start business is the petroleum rig machines which are basically a bore machine to explore the underground oil and indispensable gas. These machines are huge in size that creates hole within the Earth. Oil rigs are installed and used at site where oil is supposed o deposited under the ground. Generally, the oil rigging machines are available in different sizes run by any of the one situation trunk i.e. diesel engines or elect ric generators. The oil rig offered by the new start up venture will be rattling help for the oil exploring companies as it will be able to run on both types of power system in accordance to the available resources. Besides, its new technology used for rotation system and for circulation system will be very cost effective as installation cost will be very low and will be quite productive in term of its cost including its support cost and power cost. 3. Company Description and Formation The name of the new start up company is OilTech Pvt. Ltd and it will be engaged in the manufacturing and selling of the newly develop oil rigging machines. Primarily, OilTech will be based in MENA field and will also be situated in this region as a large number of buyers will be available in this region. OilTech Pvt. Ltd will be formed by joint venture with an existing engineering company who is engaged in manufacturing of the grueling engineering products. OilTech and engineering-based company w ill have 40% stake each and rest 20% of the bang-up will obtained through loans from banks or other sources. Certain amount of loan will be very helpful in tax benefits and higher return on equity. Joint venture with engineering-based company will very helpful for the OilTech as it will be able to use the technological expertise. 4. Market psychoanalysis and Target Market MENA region includes the Middle East and North African countries and these countries are highly enriched with mineral oils and gas. The most of these countries are oil-based economies and hence, a large of buyer of oil rigging machines will be available. However, market competition this region is expected to remain high as a number of oil drilling company companies and seller of oil drilling or rigging are present. Moreover, many oil and natural gas producer companies buys the oil drilling machines from the other countries like China, Germany, U.S. etc. Some of the potential and headstone competitors for OilTec h are Allegheny Crane, Focus Oil Tools, Korea National Oil Corp, Parker Drilling, Proforma Safety LLC etc. These competitors also offer operate for oil drilling and maintenance services to the oil exploring companies (Rigzone, Website Listings). OilTech is newly formed company and hence, it will ship in the market by targeting the small oil and gas producing companies. Considering the features of the product offered by OilTech will be low cost and will also incurs lower maintenance cost that strives to add value to favorableness and efficiency. With the increasing demand of the oil and gas in the World economy, the demand of the oil drilling

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Philosophy - Essay ExampleBut in truthfulness what is a person, it is one subject on which many theologians, philosopher and psychiatrist pondered over a long check of time. Since we are discussing ab forbidden an intangible identity, one cannot establish the truth, even when one is definite about its admittedly nature. We could say that person is an identity, with certain capabilities and abilities to perform sanely at a given situation or circumstances. Some mess are reluctant to accept a mentally defective human world as a person due to their deficiencies in intellectual power. According to (Dennett,14)For instance, infant human cosmoss, mentally defective human beings, and human beings declared insane by licensed psychiatrists are denied personhood, or at any rate crucial elements of personhood Now just because a human being have a defective mental system, he should not be losing his right to be called as a person. So are we a person just because we possess a well defined i ntellectual workability. It in reality seems absurd, for a human being with a soul and mind to be disregarded just because he cannot work rationally and logically .Then it would stain also sense to call these mentally defective and puerile people as animal. As we know animals does not have rational thinking, and same is the case with infants and mentally ill people. So why is it that we do not address these mentally immature and insane people as animals? Here we can explain that being a person is more about the familial structure we possess. Otherwise the mentally ill person or animals are not guided by intellect a d they act ab public in our view. We can understand here that the catching make up or the body structure and his surviving pattern make him a person. pot say that we are designated as a person because we have certain capabilities and abilities which we use in weather with our intellect and logic. Being rational means, we act according to our reasoning or as per the guidance of our acquaintance .A being can be a person and still cannot be rational, just because he is vague in his brain or working ability. But a rational being cannot exist as a non person, because to be rational he very much has to be a person. It is seen that a mentally insane person is not given the same accountability and responsibility as a normal person .He is not considered as a whole personality ,as he lacks the ability to sort out things with his intellect .So it could be understood that intelligence and rational behavior offers a human being a personhood. Another aspect to being a person is the awareness and consciousness which a person receive in his personhood. The awareness or the consciousness is what is lacking in mentally ill or infants which make them less of a person. The consciousness is the center to the self and a personality and a human being which is not connected to his consciousness can be regarded less of a person. Most of the people directly know th at we have evolved from the species called homosapiens. A person is a being with logic, morality and ethical behavior which is manifestly lacking in a homosapiens .As per(Rosenberg, 11) To regard some being as a person, in shorter, is to apply to that being the sort of respect and treatment due persons, to acknowledge it as having to certain ethical or having standard .We as persons are more evolved than homosapien species. For example, if we see a human raised in a forest from his childhood, we might hesitate call him a person but might address him as

Review article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

check into - Article ExampleConsequently, the authors show how circadian rhythm is produced by the donor tissue and not a consequence of spontaneous recovery of function.The title, a diffusible coupling signal from transplanted superchiasmatic nucleus controlling circadian locomotive rhythms, is adequate in describing the content of the article. It contains the entire content that is discussed in the article. From the article, the authors goal is to show that transplanted SCN can throw circadian activity rhythms by diffusible signal means. The fact that transplant of SCN restore circadian activity rhythms to wear thin animal SCN has motivated the research and discussion in the paper. The other factor is that coupling nature of signals from grafted SCN is recondite and presumed that re-establishment of appropriate synaptic connection is required in functional recovery.In conclusion, the findings showed that neural afferents are demand for circadian rhythmicity. Additionally, it shows how circadian rhythm of SCN can be relayed to targets. Further, the results demonstrate that diffusible signal is sufficient to rhythmicity restoration. The finding in the paper is significant as it demonstrate how diffusible signal is sufficient in rhythmicity

ELECTRIC CART PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ELECTRIC CART PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS - Assignment ExampleThese beat backs are ply with the help of electric battery packs, which are rechargeable. Electric motor offers several benefits compared to the use of internal engine electrocution to power vehicles. These include zero emissions of air pollutants, fuel economy among several other benefits. Electric motors stir the performance and greater efficiency of energy. The general costs apply in maintaining and operating electric motor powered vehicles are low compared to the conventional fuel driven vehicles.Selecting as well as scheming the correct motor for the electric cart vehicle depends largely on the total weight of the vehicle, the eye socket where the Cart will be use and the terrain of the area. If the Cart is to be used in a rough or an area with mountains, the individual will require more engine horsepower than in a flat terrain. The speed of the motor is also dictated by the aerodynamics profile of the Cart ahead an d after the conversion and its use.A simple cart used for commuting in a regulation city traffic definitely requires a cheaper motor with less horsepower compared to the one to be used in winning races or have the fastest acceleration. Several other variables can be used in calculating the speed of an electric motor depending with its use (Chi-lan et al. 2011).The speed of an electric motor and vehicle largely depends on the battery pack voltage. Using a Direct Current (DC) motor, one vitamin C and forty-four (144) volts will be enough to drive the vehicle at a speed of 70 miles per hour. The available power that is stored in the batteries determines the total distance that the cart is able to go before recharging it. author measured by calculating the voltage in the battery work out by the battery amperage multiplied again by the useful power that is available in the battery without damaging the cells. The chemistry of the battery is the one determining this figure. This does n ot indicate

Personal narrative about an experience that impacted you involving Essay

Personal narrative about an reckon that impacted you involving your education - Essay ExampleAcademics was roughthing that my parents put a great deal of pressure upon they had invested a great amount of money for the purpose of my education and thus wanted me to excel more than I wanted to. I was never good in studies, but I always spent m trying to make my parents happy by trying my best to get good grades. The high discipline I attended had a number of clubs and associations attached with its prestigious name and as students we were always encourage to be a part of them. There was one social service whole that did not hold too many students as a part of it and thus the student body always urged students to joint it in order to help the special children within the city. However, the club was never equal to attract a lot of attention towards itself because not everyone wanted to become a part of a social unit designed for the welfare of differently-abled children. My parent s fetch always tried to help charitable organisations and young orphans to live a better life in whatever way they can my mother has raised me teaching me subaltern things like donating m old clothes and always taking food for orphans on festive occasions. These habits have been inculcated within me so deep that somehow someday, I was urged from within to join the social service unit in order to interact with differently abled children and understand how they lived lives. With time, we were taken on field trips where we visited children from various schools some of them were blind, some deaf, and some were physically handicapped. However, I remember meeting a young male child by the name of Austin, who was autistic. Soon, we had a three day older sibling program where we were each depute a young boy or girl to foster and nurture under our care. We were to behave as their gravid brothers or sisters and teach them all kinds of values and morals and spend three days with them. I w as assigned as Austins brother. At first, I did not understand how to deal with the young boy because he always thought on a different wavelength I was still not able to understand how to interact with Austin and by the end of the first day I felt scotch and disappointed on having had him appointed with me. However, as the second day came and I wearily woke up to go meet Austin, I was surprised when he handed me a jigsaw that he had painted, cut up and made for me. He told me with his slurry speech that he had designed it on the story Hansel and Gretel by the Grimm Brothers. I was super touched. That day, I met Austins teachers as well and they showed me his skills and creativity. I was amazed to see that the boy had an nasty sense of art his paintings were something different His teachers also told me that despite his challenges, Austin spent hours at an end translation and being read to, trying to understand his texts and making sure that he did well in his studies, because his parents believed in him and told him that God would take his illness away if he studied hard and made something of himself. His parents had raised him by telling him every day that his handicap was except a matter of perspective and that he was the only one who could change it by making himself smarter day by day. Those thoughts hit me like an impact as I thought to myself how lucky I was to be physically fit unlike Austin. However, despite his challenges, he was doing well in his studies and making excellent progress. Till today, I am grateful to Austin for

Organizational Culture Amazon Case Study Term Paper

Organizational Culture amazon Case Study - Term Paper ExampleThe Amazon Company exhibits a market last since it gives utmost focus to market stability and control but with an external orientation. The company constantly motivates the employees and ensures stability and control of the market. The company considers companies ways as poor habits and, therefore, teaches its employees to learn how to solve problems. Besides, the secret phone directory ensures that any employee and boss is ever doing something geared towards increasing the companys productivity. The companys gross care is on the customers that the company gives little attention to the employees. Most employees resign after few years of running(a) with the company. Other employees get fired after suffering minor or major personal crises as these are unproductive. The company is result oriented, and the employees who experience or suffer from miscarriages, cancer, and other personal crises have trim down productivity d etrimental to the companys objective of attaining the best competitiveness in the market. Additionally, employees toil public treasury late in the night to ensure complete customer satisfaction. The organizational culture of the Amazon.com has been transferred from coevals to generation of the employees. Numerous objects are available to ensure the transfer. Immediately an employee passes an interview, interviewers tell the new employees to leave their old graze habits learned from previous workplaces and instead learn new Amazon singular working procedures.

Short Answers on Merchants of Cool Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Short Answers on Merchants of Cool - Coursework Example3) Marketers have to find a way to Seem Real means that the marketers have to give an impression that they are real by living lives that the teen generation can identify with. They have to adopt attitudes that to teenagers perceive as collected.5) To counter the plummeting ratings in 1990s, MTV adopted ethnography study. In this study, MTV focused on learning the teens by visit their homes and collecting personal information. They did this by asking them personal questions and go through their belongings such as their medication albums. The researchers also got involved in the teens lives by accompanying them to social places such as to nightclubs. These activities were enter as they happened then later, they were translated to video clips that were presented to MTVs management.Midriff is the character inclined to teenage girls. It is highly sexualized, civilise and populates television shows such as Cruel Intentions. A juven ile and boorish behaved character on the former(a) hand brands the mook. The Mook is a misogynistic, crude, and extremely angry adolescent.7) The system designed to appeal to the MOOK keeps the teens under incessant surveillance. This helps the researchers dress the things that trigger the teens emotions and actions thus understand them better and9) To overcome the resistance, marketers have to embrace the challenge and market the products in spite of their inadequacies. For instance, in the case of Insane Clown Posse, MTV marketed their music relentlessly even though the literary genre of music they created represented violence, profanity and misogyny. Today, the band has become a big name in the music industry.10) Marketers have gone too far in their efforts to sell to the youth. Every marketer has his or her recitation of what should be perceived as cool. This readymade version of cool has taken away the teens power to focus on their

Study report Essay Example for Free

Study report EssayThe purpose of the research account on by Hardman, Abd-Kadir Smith (2007) was to examine the instructional coifs of instructors in primary schools in Nigeria. The research questions, though not explicitly stated, were to examine the type and quality of t severallyer-student interactions, to review the comparative extent of student and teacher participation in discourse and further to make recommendations on how primary education in Nigeria abide be improved, based on these findings.The research focused on the Sub-Saharan nation of Nigeria. Initially a representation of twenty primary schools was randomly selected from among twenty Nigerian states resulting in two schools per state with an come of 45 students per school. However collar states had to be excluded from the analysis resulting in 14 schools being covered in the survey. In each school the researchers focused on a Primary 6 lesson in Mathematics, slope or Science. A combination of techniques wa s used to gather data.These involved observations, in the form of videotaped lessons and a questionnaire administered to the schoolroom teachers. The duration of the videotaping exercise in each school covered one lesson in each of the three subject areas. 59 teachers completed the questionnaires. To sic classroom interaction the researchers logged, from the videotape, the type of questions teachers asked and who responded and teachers follow-up to responses. 12 of the lessons were canned and linguistic analysis conducted to analyse the type of classroom discourse.Additionally the responses on the questions were compared to actual classroom practice to determine inconsistencies. The authors conclude that Nigerian primary classrooms are very teacher-centred, heavily focused on rote learning, did not offer individualized attention but entailed whole-class responses and allowed for very little student interaction. One imperious of the research is that it examined instructional pract ices in different subject areas and across different regions because these factors can sometimes determine how teachers behave in the classroom.The major weakness with this research, I find, is that only a single lesson in each subject was video-recorded. It could very well be that the lessons were a-typical for the teacher who taught with the knowledge that the lesson was being video-taped and even for the students as well.ReferencesHardman, F. , Abd-Kadir Smith, F. (2008). pedagogical renewal Improving the quality of classroom interaction in Nigerian primary schools. International journal of Educational Development, 28, 55-69.

Origins of Democratic and Republican Separation Essay Example for Free

Origins of republican and Republican Separation EssayThe political battles during the deluxe Age (1869-1889) were not fought with weapons and lives as was the Civil contend directly before them, but with pamphlets, verbal accusations and national ideals. However, were the two most prominent foes vying due to differing economical policies, or were they similar parties that based their separation on national origin, geography, history, and emotion? The basic economic reforms were, in fact, similar, yet the change ideologies and animosities that remained from prior eras en bigd the gap between Democrat and Republican. After the Civil War, the common consensus of the American population was a yearning for unity (to some extreme), civil service reforms, the tariff, currency, and a happy America. The basic disagreement between the parties was on military reconstruction, which was over by 1877, less than halfway with the Age (502). Both Republicans and Democrats, however, wished for the general union of America the majority of the Republicans (moderates) did not aim to punish the southward through Military Reconstruction and the confederation, although angered, rose above their resentment and waited until 1877, when Northern troops pulled out and the southwestward was left to arrange itself (511). Throughout the various presidencies, of which most were dominated by Republicans (save for Grover the good Cleveland), graft and beguiling means for achieving wealth were not uncommon within both parties, leading to the Panic of 1873 (506).Such a depression shed light upon the unscrupulous practices of many political figures, as well as debtors and separate prominent businesspeople. This led to yet another national agreement civil service reforms. Under the governing body of Republican Chester Arthur, the Pendleton Act was passed in 1883. Considered the Magna Carta of civil-service reform, it prohibited financial assessments on job-holders and established a merit scheme of making appointments to office on the basis of aptitude. Furthermore, the act created a Civil Service Commission that examined applicants for posts in the classified service (518).Most Americans, save for debtors, called for a monetary system based on greenbacks kinda than hard-money (gold). By 1879, contraction (or the accumulation of gold stocks against the appointed day for resumption of metallic-money payments 1879) and reduction of greenbacks restored the governments credit rating, and resuscitate the greenbacks along with it. Although these developments were actually enacted under a Republican presidency, such reforms were backed by Congress in (almost) its entirety (507).One might as, then, why was there political competition? Historically, Democrats represented the needs of the South they were pro-slavery, supportive of states rights, and representatives of an agrarian population. The Republicans did not have such views before and within approximately te n geezerhood of the Civil War they were anti-slavery, supportive of a strong central government, and representatives of an urban population, brimming with a large work force of laborers, debtors, businessmen, and other non-agrarian vocations.However, both Republican and Democratic sentiments were mixed until two competing parties with few varying significant economic issues were the outcome (508). Republicans gradually began to abandon their commitment to black equality, as many votes were already cast and few freedmen would vote Democrat, with the last radical Republican act passed in 1875 (Civil Rights Act). Southerners were left to govern themselves, allowing laws that, under the pretense separate but equal, placed blacks back in the chains that were recently unfastened (511).Although economic issues were not a large factor in party separation, Democratic (South) resentment for Republicans (North) remained. The sphacelus that the South suffered during Reconstruction, including the emancipation of slaves, was not an act that would be easily forgotten (510). Furthermore, the lives and societies of aristocratic agrarians and hard-working laborers were so understandably different that such a large variation could only be bridged over several centuries.The Democrats and Republicans of the Gilded Age were, in reality, overwhelmingly distinct political parties. The groups and ideals that bothparties represented were absolutely opposite. The similarity in their economic reforms is explained by their desire to create a prosperous America one that could only be achieved through civil service reforms, government-issued currency, and further economic legislation.

Breakfast Eating Habits - UK - April 2014 Report by Researchmoz Essay Example for Free

Breakfast Eating Habits UK April 2014 Report by Researchmoz Essay

Aristotle - Biography Essay Example for Free

Aristotle Biography EssayRaphael portrays two of Greeces great philosophers as the focal point of his masterpiece The School of Athens. Aristotle has his hand pointing straight out as if he is declaring to Plato that accuracy is found right here around us. Aristotle was an excellent teacher who is considered to be the prince of philosophy and ane of the worlds close to influential takeers of all time. Aristotle was born in 384 B. C at Stragyra in Thrace, on the north seacoast of the Aegean Sea. This was fifteen years subsequently the death of Socrates and leash years after the founding of Platos Academy.His bewilder was the court physician and friend of King Amyntas of Macedonia. It is likely that Aristotles great interest in biology and science, in general, was nurtured in his early childhood. At the age of seventeen, Aristotle moved to Athens and enrolled in Platos Academy as a student of philosophy. He studied for over twenty years at the Academy until Plato died in 348 B. C. inclineim his time at the Academy, Aristotle became one of the top scientist and philosophers, and though he studied under Plato, he was non a Platonist. In fact, he would later criticize Plato and his various doctrines.After the mourning of Platos death had subsided, Speusippus seized powerfulness of the Academy. At this time Aristotle quickly left Athens and lived for a time in Assos and Mytilen where he was adequate to write, research, and teach. He did return, for a time, to Macedonia to tutor Philips son Alexander at his request. By the age of forty-nine, Aristotle had traveled bandaging to Athens to found a school. Many historians mean this is when Aristotle began the most cultivatable period of his life. His school was named the Lyceum, named after the groves where Socrates went to think and which was the sacred domain of Apollo Lyceus.The Lyceum had a fine library, an extensive collection of maps, and a menagerie where Aristotle preformed much of his zoo di anoetic research. . The school was located close to a long covered walk called in the greek peripatos. Aristotle would take his students on this long covered walkway where he conducted much of his teaching as they strolled along pondering slicey philosophical questions. As a event of this method of teaching, the students of the Lyceum were unremarkably referred to as peripatetics. Aristotle was lone(prenominal) in Athens for twelve years when it was necessity for him to leave for political reasons to save his life.In 322 B. C. Aristotle died and his library was passed on to his successor, Theophratus. Aristotle is regarded as the send-off truly cosmopolitan thinker. He was interested in a plethora of subjects and gave significant contri only ifion to musical compositiony of them. He composed major studies of logic, ethics, and metaphysics. Today he is best renown for his work the Metaphysics and the Nichomachean Ethics. In addition to these major studies he also wrote on epi stemology, physics, biology, meteorology, dynamics, mathematics, psychology, rhetoric, dialectics, aesthetics, politics, and philosophy. carry any field of research and Aristotle probably studied it, select an atomic number 18a of hu composition reason and he probably theorized on it. If all of his writings were published today they would fill fifty large volumes in print. Unfortunately, over the last two thousand years many of his writings have been lost. Only one fifth of his writings have endured time. What has been preserved are what many believe are Aristotles lecture notes and notes of his students that were not meant to be printed. These rough notes have been edited in a cut paste fashion in order to try to make sense of Aristotles profound cerebration.Aristotle philosophy is a development of Platos philosophy. Aristotle respected Plato but rejected the dualism that Plato passionately embraced and taught his pupils. Platos primary reality of the unchanging world existed sep arately from the world of particular things. Aristotle believed he was able to avoid this ambiguous ideal of two worlds and still communicate all the necessary concepts that Plato did. Metaphysically, Aristotle believed that every(prenominal) living beingness, except God, is a composite of two factors called form and matter.In Aristotles system of epistemology, he believes that the forms that Plato held unattainable actually exist as essential parts of the things that we asses through our senses. He believed that a human being is a holistic unit of both the body and soul. Aristotle specialized in classifying the many different components in the universe humans, animals, plants, inanimate preys, etc. His work Catergories was his flagship in the organization of the world. He believed that humans were certainly in a classification of their own, and that human beings could be divided up into three dimensions, or more specifically, three dimensional thinking.The offset printing dime nsion is productive thinking and refers to man as a maker the fleck is practical thinking and refers to man as a learner and knower. All of the books that Aristotle wrote can basically be divided into these three categories. For example his book on poetry would be in the phratry of productive thinking ethics would be in the category of practical thinking philosophy, science, and metaphysics would be in the category of theoretical thinking. Aristotle can be credited with the creation of both the science and the philosophy of biology.His work in science involved the discovery of interconnections between characteristics of organisms. This led to the biological specialties of taxonomy and systematics. This evidenced that he was able to fit his metaphysical and logical thought to that of the area of zoology. His application of thought to the experimentation makes him one of the founders of laboratory research. Aristotle was the first to create the study of deductive inference. His the ory of syllogism, simply put, is a discourse in which certain things having been stated, something else follows of extremity of doing so.Aristotle believed that the laws of logic apply to more than just human thinking. He believed that these laws of being allow the understanding of the logical structure of the world. The premise to his logical system is the law of noncontradiction. Aristotle states in his law that It is impossible for the same connect at once to belong and not belong to the same thing in the same relation. more(prenominal) simply would be that (B) can not be both (B) and non(b) at the same time in the same sense. This law cannot be proven but it must not be ignored. It is a oecumenical core principle of human thinking.However, a caveat is necessary because the absence of a contradiction doesnt necessary guarantee truth. The world is in a constant state of change. Aristotle believed that changes could be natural or could be a product of human art. The quatern c auses that Aristotle articulated answer the four questions that can be asked about anything. The four questions are (1) what is it? (2) what is it made of? (3) by what is it made? (4) for what end is it made? Aristotle four responses are the four causes (1) the formal cause (2) the material cause (3) the efficient cause (4) the final cause.The biologist in Aristotle moved(p) the way he observed the world. He observed everything going through change happens to something that is a conspiracy of form and matter becoming something different or new. Teleology is the notion that the present could be understood by reference to the future. The constitution of anything is linked to its telos, meaning its goal or final end. The final end of an object reveals its nature and this nature drives it to its goal. This idea is what Aristotle thought could explain many things from a fetus in the uterus to an acorn from a oak tree.These four causes are a significant contribution to science in expl aining nature Within the dimension of practical thinking is Aristotles view on ethics and how it relates to us not only as individuals but to the world as a whole. His views are contained in basically his two deeds called the Nicomachean Ethics and the Eudemian Ethics. The Nichomachean ethics is the better one of the two because it is clearer, it addresses more issues within the field of ethics, and it arguments are normally superior. Aristotle believes that everyone has an ultimate goal, and they pursue it by doing what they view as good.What a person views as good is ultimately what will bring them long-term satisfaction and happiness. He goes on too describe the soul of man and its various virtues. He believed that the soul could be divided into two characteristics reason and desire. These two characteristics may impinge in the soul of a man when trying to make a decision. Aristotle believes that the more disciplined a man is the more reason will win when a decision is made. H e believed that these virtues were innate in every man and not acquired in any fashion. Lastly, the way Aristotle viewed God was a product of how he viewed everything else.Aristotle was not a zealot when it came to religion. He believed there was a supreme being because he thought it would be impossible to explain some things. Aristotles view of God was more of a metaphysical necessity. finished his thought of telos he knew the world must have an ultimate cause and this cause must be God. Exposition I specifically like how Aristotle classified everything, and approached fields of study with common sense and practicality. He believed that humans are the highest classification, and I would certainly agree with that.I also agree that the three dimensions of man productive, practical, and theoretical thinking, are basically the three main areas in life, but I also think that there are other areas on the side, and that everything can be categorized as concretely as he seeks to do. Arist otles ideas of the four different causes are very good. The hegemony of these causes communicate their fundamental value. His central idea that everything has a cause is sure and very important. The deductive reasoning he used also helps to clarify things.I believe that the use of syllogisms should not be used to test if a belief is true. A worldview could pass a few tests but that doesnt prove that it is correct. Aristotles view of God is a disturbing product of his system. He is the victim of his own mind. He is a perfect example of how a philosopher may become detain in his own system. He had made some presuppositions early on that had become the core of what he believed. As he progress in his thought he had to be consistent with what he had first believed and this necessitated him to plug everything into his presuppositions or mold that he had created.This resulted in God becoming an after thought of his life, instead of the focal point of his life. Aristotle had forgotten to place God into his system when it was in infancy. As a result of the complexity, he had to place his unknowable God in a box. Aristotle ethics of having an ultimate goal that take into account your happiness is quite interesting. If your ultimate goal is to glorify God then you will find true happiness. John Piper would say that a Christian hedonist finds pleasure in being fit with the Lord to bring God the utmost glory.I do not, however, agree with Aristotles division of the soul. There are many problems in Aristotle system. In spite of the problems, his philosophy has affected just about everyone. I believe that the ideas of Aristotle not only influenced the ancient greeks, but also affected medieval philosophy, and modern philosophy. The prevalence of the contributions of Aristotle is deep-rooted in almost every discipline. Without the teachings of Aristotle the world would be years behind. We owe a lot to this man who gave his life in order to understand our existence and th ings that exist around us.Raphael painted Aristotle in the fondness of his School of Athens for a reason. He must of known of the influence that Aristotle would posses on young minds for centuries to come. works Cited Adler, Mortimer J. 1978. Aristotle for Everybody Difficult thought made easy ,New York Macmillian Publishing Co. Aristotle. 1980. Metaphysics I-IX, Harvard University Press. Barnes, Jonathan. 1996. Aristotle A Very Short Introduction, New York Oxford University Press. Cottingham, John. 1996. westbound school of thought An Anthology, Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Fearn, Nicholas. 2001.Zeno and the Tortoise How to Think like a Philosopher, New York Grove Press. Honderich, Ted. 1995. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, New York Oxford University Press. Lennox, James G. 2001. Aristotles Philosophy of Biology, Cambridge University Press. Nash, Ronald H. 1999. Lifes Ultimate Questions An Introduction to Philosophy, Zondervan. Stumpf, Samuel E. and James Fieser. 20 03. Philosophy History and Problems, McGraw- Hill Higher Education. Wilson, Fred L. Science and Human set Aristotle, http//www. rit. edu/ flwstv/aristotl1. html. Accessed 6 October, 2004.

Progressive Era and Gilded Age Essay Example for Free

continuous tense Era and Gilded Age EssayIn Walter Nugents book Progressivism A Very condensed Introduction, he claims Progressivism emerged as a response to the Gilded Age, an unfortunate term that left the average working Americans poor while a new class of wealthier people started to rise. Nugent explains to us the breakdown of Progressivism and what occurred when it struck our nation. Progressivism began to deign together in the end of the 1800s due to the ills of American Society that had developed during the expectant spurt of industrial growth. It shaped and progressed from 1900 to 1917 and finally started to disappear from 1917 to the early 1920s. Nugent claims Progressivism emerged as a response to the Gilded Age, an unfortunate era that left the average working Americans poor while a new class of wealthier people started to rise. For once, Americans perceive intensify in their society. Some change for the good but most of it for the worse. Nugent talks about how cities began ontogeny up faster than the blink of an eye. The railroad companies started to turn into monopolies.Unfortunately, more problems started to rise in America new(prenominal) than this one. The rich became wealthier and the poor became poorer. The nation had also previously faced a serious recession from 1893-1896, and convalescence did not actually really begin until 1897. Other factors that occurred during the progressive era prostitution and alcohol abuse, the great railroad strike of 1877, and the Homestead Strike. The main progressive leaders, such(prenominal) as, Theodore Roosevelt, William Jennings Bryan, and Woodrow Wilson stepped in to make a difference.Theodore Roosevelt claimed he backed up the middle class and showed no mercy toward monopolies. Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson accomplished many things such as the 16th amendment which modified the structure of taxation, demolishing the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to dissolve trust so the railroads would not get a complete monopoly in the North West part of the country, the 18th amendment which banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol, and the discharge of the Womans Suffrage Act in 1920 which allowed women to have larger roles in issues with our society.However, according to Nugent, reformers such as Jane Addams, W. E. B DuBois, and Booker T. Washington also had a huge impact on the continuous tense Era as well. Addams founded settlement houses like the famous Hull House, where immigrants and the poor resided. The Hull- House also showed change could come without overthrowing the political and economic system. DuBois, head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), helped to turn off discrimination.Nugent later describes what occurred in America when Progressivism slowly started to die out. It considered to have ended with the outbreak of the First valet de chambre War. The war left over 53,000 killed in combat while 63,000 died f rom other causes. A Flu epidemic also struck which killed roughly 600,000 Americans. In conclusion the progressive era had rough times. Although not everything sour out completely successful, it did put America in the position it needed to be in in order to achieve success.

Social Justice Essay Example for Free

complaisant judge Es order mixer obligationness is defined as rightness exercised within a companionship, particularly as it is exercised by and among the various hearty classes of that ships company. A soci in eachy further community is defined by its advocates and practiti unrivaledrs as being implant on the principles of equality and solidarity this pedagogy also maintains that the kindlyly practiced fiat two understands and determine clement rights, as well as recognizing the dignity of e reliablely adult male being.12 The Constitution of the international Labour Organization affirms that universal and lasting peace can be established lonesome(prenominal) if it is establish upon kindly ar postrator. 3Furthermore, the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action turn tos kindly only ifice as a intent of the human rights education.4 The border and modern concept of cordial judge was coined by the Jesuit Luigi Tap arlli in 1840 establish on the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas and given further exposure in 1848 byAntonio Rosmini-Serbati.12567The phrase has taken on a very controverted and variable meaning, dep leftovering on who is using it. The intellection was elaborated by the incorrupt theologist tail end A. Ryan, who initiated the concept of a living wage. Father Coughlin also used the term in his human raceations in the 1930s and the 1940s. It is a part of Catholic mixer teaching, the Protestants loving Gospel, and is 1 of the Four Pillars of the Green Partyupheld by green parties worldwide. Social referee as a secular concept, distinct from religious teachings, emerged mainly in the late twentieth century, influenced primarily by philosopher John Rawls. Some tenets of favorable nicety make been adoptive by those on theleft of the policy-making spectrum.-Theories of friendly legal experteditSocial undecomposedice from religious traditionseditJudaism main(prenominal) denomination Tikkun olamIn To Heal a Fractured World The Ethics of Responsibility, Rabbi Jonathan Sacks states that neighborly justice has a central place inJudaism. superstar of Judaisms closely distinctive and challenging likings is its ethics of responsibility reflected in the concepts of simcha(gladness or joy), tzedakah (the religious province to perform charity and philanthropic acts), chesed (deeds of kindness), andtikkun olam (repairing the world).ChristianityCatholicismMain article Catholic well-disposed teachingCatholic social teaching consists of those aspects of Roman Catholic doctrine which relate to matters dopeing with the collective aspect of humanity. A distinctive feature of the Catholic social doctrine is their concern for the slimyest members of ordering. Two of the s stock-still key atomic number 18as8 of Catholic social teaching atomic number 18 pertinent to social justice * Life and dignity of the human somebody The foundational principle of all Catholic Social Teaching is the sanct ity of all human life and the indwelling dignity of every human person. Human life must be jimmyd above all framework possessions. * Preferential option for the poor and vulnerable Catholics believe delivery boy taught that on the daytime of opinion God pass on ask what each person did to help the poor and needy Amen, I say to you, whatever you did for one of these least br otherwises of mine, you did for me.9 The Catholic Church believes that through words, prayers and deeds one must bear witness solidarity with, and jabion for, the poor. The moral test of any society is how it treats its virtually vulnerable members. The poor keep the most urgent moral consider on the conscience of the nation. People be called to look at earthly concern policy decisions in terms of how they affect the poor.10Even before it was propounded in the Catholic social doctrine, social justice appe bed regularly in the history of the Catholic Church * The term social justice was adopted by the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in the 1840s, based on the work of St. Thomas Aquinas. He wrote extensively in his journal Civilt Cattolica, engaging both capitalist and socialist theories from a natural law positionpoint. His basal supposal was that the rival economic theories, based on subjective Cartesian thinking, undermined the unity of society present in Thomistic metaphysics neither the liberal capitalists nor the communists concerned themselves with public moral philosophy. * Pope Leo XIII, who studied under Taparelli, produce in 1891 the encyclical Rerum Novarum (On the Condition of the Working Classes), rejecting both socialism and capitalism, date defending labor unions and occult belongings. He stated that society should be based on cooperation and non class conflict and competition.In this document, Leo set out the Catholic Churchs response to the social instability and labor conflict that had arisen in the wake of industrialization and had led to the rise of socialis m. The Pope advocated that the role of the State was to promote social justice through the protection of rights, composition the Church must speak out on social issues in order to teach decline social principles and ensure class harmony. * The encyclical Quadragesimo Anno (On Reconstruction of the Social Order, literally in the fortieth year) of 1931 by Pope Pius XI, encourages a living wage, subsidiarity, and advocates that social justice is a person-to-person virtue as well as an attri exactlye of the social order, saying that society can be just only if individuals and institutions are just.* Pope John Paul II added much to the corpus of the Catholic social teaching, penning three encyclicals which would deal with issues such as economics, politics, geo- regime bodyal situations, ownership of the essence of yield, clandestine station and the social mortgage, and snobbish property. The encyclicals of Laborem Exercens, Solicitudo Rei Socialis, and Centesimus Annus are jus t a small portion of his overall contri aloneion to Catholic social justice. Pope John Paul II was a strong advocate of justice and human rights, and spoke forcefull for the poor. He addresses issues such as the problems that technology can present should it be misused, and admits a fear that the progress of the world is not true progress at all, if it should denigrate the value of the human person.* Pope Benedict XVIs encyclical Deus Caritas Est (God is Love) of 2006 claims that justice is the defining concern of the state and the central concern of politics, and not of the church, which has charity as its central social concern. It tell that the laity has the specific responsibility of pursuing social justice in civil society and that the churchs active role in social justice should be to inform the debate, using reason and natural law, and also by providing moral and spiritual formation for those knotted in politics. * The official Catholic doctrine on social justice can be fou nd in the book Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, published in 2004 and updated in 2006, by the portentous Council Iustitia et Pax.MethodismFrom its founding, Methodism was a Christian social justice movement. Under John Wesleys direction, Methodists became leaders in many another(prenominal) social justice issues of the day, including the prison improve andabolitionism movements. Wesley himself was among the first to preach for slaves rights attracting significant opposition.111213 Today, social justice plays a major role in the United Methodist Church. The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church says, it is a governmental responsibility to provide all citizens with wellness wish well.14 The United Methodist Church also teaches nation control as part of its doctrine.15HinduismAncient Hindu society was based on equality of all beings. However, to divide labor society divided itself into hundreds of tribesJati. India was governed by large number of non -Hindu faiths from the 8th century which caused ruptures in social fabric. Caste is a word from the Portuguese word casta and caste came to define the jatis only 500 eld ago. Considerable social engineering occurred during the British rule which impacted the societys self governance. There was some social seediness in which some jatis considered themselves superior to others (just as in the western societies). The present day jati pecking order is undergoing changes for variety of reasons including social justice,which is a politically popular strength in democratic India. Institutionalized affirmative action has swung the pendulum. The disparity and wide inequalities in social behaviour to some of the jatis led to various reform movements in hinduism for centuries. While legally outlawed, the caste frame remains strong in practice, with social and enjoyment opportunities strongly governed by ones caste of birth.16 Vivekanandas calls to promote social justice form been large ly heeded. Of course in that location is room for improvement as in the rest of the world.Islam This section requires expansion. (July 2011)The Quran contains numerous references to elements of social justice. For example, one of Islams Five Pillars is Zakt, or alms-giving. Charity and assistance to the poor concepts central to social justice are and have historically been important parts of the Islamic faith. In Moslem history, Islamic governance has often been associated with social justice. Establishment of social justice was one of the motivating factors of the Abbasid revolt against the U mayyads.17 The Shiite believe that the return of the Mahdi will anticipate in the messianic age of justice and the Mahdi along with the Messiah (Jesus) will end plunder, torture, oppression and discrimination.18 For the Muslim Brotherhood the murder of social justice would require the rejection of consumerism and communism. The Brotherhood strongly affirmed the right to secluded prope rty as well as differences in personal wealth due to factors such as hard work. However, the Brotherhood held Muslims had an obligation to assist those Muslims in need. It held that zakat (alms-giving) was not voluntary charity, but rather the poor had the right to assistance from the more fortunate.19 editJohn RawlsMain article John RawlsPolitical philosopher John Rawls draws on the utilitarian insights of Bentham and Mill, the social involve compositions of John Locke, and thecategorical imperative ideas of Kant. His first statement of principle was made in A Theory of umpire where he proposed that, Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the eudaimonia of society as a whole cannot override. For this reason justice denies that the loss of shrivedom for some is made right by a great fair shared by others..20 A deontological proposition that echoes Kant in framing the moral good of justice in absolutist terms. His views are definitively restated i n Political Liberalism where society is seen as a fair system of co-operation over time, from one generation to the next..21 All societies have a basic structure of social, economic, and political institutions, both formal and informal. In testing how well these elements fit and work together, Rawls based a key test of legitimacy on the theories of social contract. To determine whether any particular system of collectively enforced social arrangements is legitimate, he fenced that one must look for agreement by the batch who are subject to it, but not necessarily to an accusatory notion of justice based on coherent ideological grounding.Obviously, not every citizen can be asked to participate in a study to determine his or her consent to every proposal in which some degree of coercion is involved, so one has to assume that all citizens are sightly. Rawls constructed an argument for a two-stage process to determine a citizens supposed agreement * The citizen agrees to be repres ented by X for indisputable purposes, and, to that extent, X holds these powers as a regent for the citizen. * X agrees that enforcement in a particular social context is legitimate. The citizen, therefore, is bound by this decision because it is the race of the trustee to represent the citizen in this mode. This applies to one person who represents a small group (e.g., the organiser of a social event setting a dress code) as equally as it does to national governments, which are ultimate trustees, holding representative powers for the benefit of all citizens within their territorial boundaries.Governments that fail to provide for wel off the beaten track(predicate)e of their citizens according to the principles of justice are not legitimate. To emphasise the general principle that justice should rise from the good deal and not be dictated by the law- do powers of governments, Rawls asserted that, There is a general presumption against autocratic legal and other restrictions on conduct without sufficient reason. But this presumption creates no special precedency for any particular liberty.22 This is support for an unranked set of liberties that reasonable citizens in all states should respect and push to some extent, the list proposed by Rawls matches the normative human rights that have international recognition and direct enforcement in some nation states where the citizens need encouragement to act in a way that fixes a greater degree of equality of outcome.The basic liberties according to Rawls* license of thought * Liberty of conscience as it affects social relationships on the grounds of religion, philosophy, and morality * Political liberties (e.g. representative democratic institutions, freedom of lecturing and the press, and freedom of assembly) * Freedom of association* Freedoms necessary for the liberty and integrity of the person (viz freedom from slavery, freedom of movement and a reasonable degree of freedom to choose ones occupation) a nd * Rights and liberties covered by the rule of law.CriticismThe concept of social justice has come under criticism from a variety of persuasions. Many authors criticize the idea that there exists an objective tired of social justice. Moral relativists deny that there is any kind of objective standard for justice in general. Non-cognitivists, moral skeptics, moral nihilists, and most logical positivists deny the epistemic possibility of objective notions of justice. Cynics (such as Niccol Machiavellicitation needed) believe that any ideal of social justice is ultimately a mere justification for the billet quo. Many other people accept some of the basic principles of social justice, such as the idea that all human beings have a basic level of value, but disagree with the elaborate conclusions that may or may not follow from this. One example is the statement by H. G. Wellsthat all people are equally entitled to the respect of their allymen.23 On the other hand, some scholars reje ct the very idea of social justice as meaningless, religious, self-contradictory, and ideological, believing that to realize any degree of social justice is unfeasible, and that the attempt to do so must destroy all liberty.Perhaps the most complete rejection of the concept of social justice comes from Friedrich Hayek of the Austrian School of economics There can be no test by which we can discover what is socially unjust because there is no subject by which such an injustice can be committed, and there are no rules of individual conduct the observance of which in the merchandise order would secure to the individuals and groups the position which as such (as distinguished from the procedure by which it is determined) would appear just to us. Social justice does not belong to the category of error but to that of nonsense, like the term a moral stone.24 Ben ONeill of the University of immature South Wales lay outs that, for proponents of social justice25 the notion of rights is a m ere term of entitlement, indicative of a claim for any possible desirable good, no matter how important or trivial, abstract or tangible, impudently-made or ancient. It is merely an assertion of desire, and a declaration of intention to use the language of rights to acquire said desire. In fact, since the program of social justice inevitably involves claims for government pro mess of goods, paid for through the efforts of others, the term actually refers to an intention to useforce to acquire ones desires.Not to earn desirable goods by rational thought and action, production and voluntary exchange, but to go in there and forcibly take goods from those who can supply them Janusz Korwin-Mikke argues barely Either social justice has the kindred meaning as justice or not. If so why use the additional word social? We lose time, we destroy trees to obtain paper necessary to gull this word. If not, if social justice means something different from justice then something different fr om justice is by commentary injustice Sociologist Carl L. Bankston has argued that a secular, leftist view of social justice entails viewing the redistribution of goods and resources as based on the rights of disfavor categories of people, rather than on compassion or national interest. Bankston maintains that this secular version of social justice became astray accepted due to the rise of demand-side economics and to the moral influence of the civil rights movement.26Cosmic valueshunter Lewis work promoting natural health care and sustainable economies advocates for conservation as a key premise in social justice. His manifesto on sustainability ties the continued thriving of human life to real conditions, the environment bread and butter that life, and associates injustice with the detrimental effects of unintended consequences of human actions. Quoting classical Greek thinkers like Epicurus on the good of pursuing happiness, Hunter also cites ornithologist, naturalist, and ph ilosopher Alexander Skutch in his book Moral Foundations The common feature which unites the activities most consistently forbidden by the moral codes of civilized peoples is that by their very nature they cannot be both habitual and enduring, because they tend to destroy the conditions which make them possible.27 Pope Benedict XVI cites Teilhard de Chardin in a vision of the cosmos as a living host 28 embracing an understanding of ecology that involves mankindss relationship to fellow men, that pollution affects not just the natural world but interpersonal relations also. Cosmic harmony, justice and peace are closely interrelated If you want to cultivate peace, protect creation.29-Social justice movementsSocial justice is also a concept that is used to describe the movement towards a socially just world, i.e., the Global Justice Movement. In this context, social justice is based on the concepts of human rights and equality, and can be defined as the way in which human rights are m anifested in the everyday lives of people at every level of society.30 A number of movements are working to touch social justice in society.3132 These movements are working towards the realization of a world where all members of a society, regardless of background or procedural justice, have basic human rights and equal access to the benefits of their society.Interfaith Social Assistance crystallise CoalitionThe Interfaith Social Justice Reform Coalition (ISARC) is Ontarios largest interfaith organization dedicated to faith-based approaches to public policy reform in the areas of social justice and poverty eradication. ISARC has a shared hope to mobilize, facilitate, and give diverse faith communities to research, educate and advocate for public policy for the elimination of poverty in Ontario. ISARCs values include human dignity, social equity, mutual responsibility, fiscal luridness, economic equity and environmental sustainability. Since 1986, ISARC has been a leader in mobili zing faith communities to advocate for systemic change in the Province of Ontario, Canada.Liberation theologyMain article Liberation theologyLiberation theology33 is a movement in Christian theology which conveys the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms of a liberation from unjust economic, political, or social conditions. It has been described by proponents as an interpretation of Christian faith through the poors suffering, their compete and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor,34 and by detractors as Christianity perverted by Marxism and Communism.35 Although liberation theology has grown into an international and inter-denominational movement, it began as a movement within theCatholic Church in Latin America in the 1950s 1960s. It arose principally as a moral reaction to the poverty caused by social injusticein that region. It achieved lump in the 1970s and 1980s.The term was coined by the Peruvian priest, Gustavo Gutirrez, who wrote one of the movements most famous books, A divinity of Liberation (1971). According to Sarah Kleeb, Marx would surely take issue, she writes, with the appropriation of his works in a religious contextthere is no way to reconcile Marxs views of religion with those of Gutierrez, they are simply incompatible. Despite this, in terms of their understanding of the fate of a just and righteous world, and the nearly inevitable obstructions along such a path, the two have much in common and, particularly in the first edition of A Theology of Liberation, the use of Marxian surmise is quite evident.36dead link Other noted exponents are Leonardo Boff of Brazil, Jon Sobrino of El Salvador, and Juan Luis Segundo of Uruguay.3738Social justice in healthcareSocial justice has more recently made its way into the region of bioethics. Discussion involves topics such as affordable access to health care, peculiarly for low income households and families. The discussion also raise s questions such as whether society should bear healthcare costs for low income families, and whether the global marketplace is a good thing to deal with healthcare. Ruth Faden and Madison Powers of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics focus their analysis of social justice on which inequalities matter the most. They convey a social justice theory that answers some of these questions in concrete settings.Social injustices occur when there is a preventable difference in health states among a population of people. These social injustices take on the form of health inequities when negative health states such as malnourishment, and infectious diseases are more commonplace among an impoverished nation.39 These negative health states can often be prevented by providing social and economic structures such as Primary Healthcare which ensure the general population has equal access to health care services regardless of income level, gender, education or any other stratifying fact or. Integrating social justice to health inherently reflects the social determinants of health model without discounting the role of the bio-medical model.40 editSocial justice and human rights educationMain article Human rights educationThe Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action affirm that Human rights education should include peace, democracy, development and social justice, as set forth in international and regional human rights instruments, in order to achieve common understanding and awareness with a view to strengthening universal shipment to human rights.41A general definition of social justice is hard to arrive at and even harder to implement. In essence, social justice is concerned with equal justice, not just in the courts, but in all aspects of society. This concept demands that people have equal rights and opportunities everyone, from the poorest person on the margins of society to the wealthiest deserves an even compete field. But what do the words just or fair m ean, and what defines equal? Who should be accountable for making sure society is a just and fair place? How do you implement policies regarding social justice? Alternately, should you legislate for justice in society or merely rely on the moral compass of societys members? From a political stance that is leftist, you must legislate to create a just society, and various programs need to exist in order to collect monies needed to even the playing field between rich, middle class, poor and those people who are routinely marginalized by society. Equal rights can be defined as equal access to things that make it possible for people in any societal sector to be successful.Therefore, leftist philosophy would support things like anti-discrimination laws and equal luck programs, and would favor taxation, especially of those who make a lot of money, to pay for programs that help provide equality for all. The furthest left would argue that there are certain basic needs that must be offere d to all. These include things like really equal education and safety in all schools and programs that would help all children have the financial opportunity to attend college. Far left groups, often termed socialist even if they differ from true definitions of socialism, further argue that a just society cannot be had unless everyone has access to food, safe shelter and medical care. The way to achieve this is through taxation and government implementation of programs that will guarantee these things for all people. The right political stance equally endorses a just society, but may criticize those who make poor choices and feel that while equal opportunity should exist, a government should not legislate for this. In fact it is argued that social justice is diminished when governments create programs to deal with it, especially when these programs call for greater taxation. Instead, those who have more money should be encouraged to be philanthropic, not by paying higher taxes, whic h is arguably unjust. From a religious perspective, youll chance on people all over the political spectrum who argue forsocial justice.Many Christian groups believe that you bring about justice through Christlike actions of mercy, especially those that help people who have been marginalized by society. Islamic perspective on social justice is similar one of the Five Pillars of Islam is that all must give to the poor. However, certain sects of Islam promote views of women and men as different women are not equal to and are subservient to men. The postmodernist critique on the idea of a just society provokes interesting debate. Can there ever be a just society? Can we ever view all people as inherently equal and entitled to the same rights and privileges?Its hard to k directly, since most philosophers would argue that no one has ever created a completely just society, where all people have an even chance. Even in the most socialist nations, there is poverty and unequal distribution of wealth. In societies like the US, which hinge on creating social justice, we have distinct problems, like hungry children, homelessness, and problems with making sure all children receive the same high standard of education. This is no reason to abandon attempting to promote a just society and hard to aim for it. Yet due to the complex nature of society, the US may not ever fully achieve justice for all, and the debate of how to achieve this state is ongoing.Social justice is about equality and fairness between human beings. It works on the universal principles that guide people in knowing what is right and what is wrong. This is also about keeping a balance between groups of people in a society or a community. Social justice is an underlying principle for peaceful and prosperous coexistence within and among nations. We conduct the principles of social justice when we promote gender equality or the rights of indigenous peoples and migrants. We advance social justice when we rem ove barriers that people face because of gender, age, race, ethnicity, religion, culture or disability. Source United NationsOur Commitment To Social JusticeAs Social Justice refers to creating a society that is based on the principles of equality and understanding the value of human rights, it is in direct alignment with our organisational values and philosophy. As an organisation of over 650 staff, we have embraced the Social Justice message and looked at powerful ways to raise awareness and showcase our advocacy for Social Justice throughout the community. FSGA collectively advocates for Social Justice by giving it a regular Day. Every Wednesday all FSGA staff are encouraged to wear something orange, to remind them of the FSGA value and philosophy and what we are advocating and working towards.The signature of modern leftist rhetoric is the deployment of terminology that simply cannot fail to command assent. As Orwell himself recognized, even slavery could be sold if labeled free dom. In this vein, who could ever conscientiously oppose the interest of social justice, i.e., a just society? To understand social justice, we must contrast it with the earlier view of justice against which it was conceived one that arose as a revolt against political absolutism. With a government (e.g., a monarchy) that is apt(p) absolute power, it is impossible to speak of any injustice on its part. If it can do anything, it cant do anything wrong. Justice as a political/legal term can demoralise only when limitations are placed upon the sovereign, i.e., when men define what is unjust for government to do. The historical realization traces from the Roman senate to Magna Carta to the U.S. Constitution to the nineteenth century. It was now a matter of justice that government not arrest citizens arbitrarily, sanction their bondage by others, persecute them for their religion or speech, seize their property, or prevent their travel.This culmination of centuries of ideas and stru ggles became known as liberalism. And it was on the button in opposition to this liberalism not feudalism or theocracy or the ancien rgime, much less twentieth century fascism that Karl Marx formed and detailed the popular concept of social justice, (which has become a kind of new and improved substitute for a storeful of other terms Marxism, socialism, collectivism that, in the wake of Communisms history and collapse, are nowunsellable). The history of all existing society, he and Engels declared, is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebian, lord and serf oppressor and oppressed, stood in sharp opposition to each other. They were quite right to note the political castes and resulting clashes of the pre-liberal era. The expositors of liberalism (Spencer, Maine) saw their ethic, by establishing the political equality of all (e.g., the abolition of slavery, serfdom, and divergence of rights), as moving mankind from a society of status to a socie ty of contract. Alas, Marx the Prophet could not accept that the classless millenium had arrived before he did. Thus, he revealed to a benighted humanity that liberalism was in fact merely another stage of Historys class struggle capitalism with its own combatants the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. The former were manual laborers, the latter professionals and business owners.Marxs classes were not political castes but occupations. Today the terms have broadened to mean essentially income brackets. If Smith can make a comely living from his writing, hes a bourgeois if Jones is reciting poetry for coins in a subway terminal, hes a proletarian. But the freedoms of speech and enterprise that they share equally are nothing but lies and falsehoods so long as their differences in affluence and influence persist (Luxemburg). The unbroken line from The Communist Manifesto to its contemporary adherents is that economic diversity is the monstrous injustice of the capitalist system, which must be replaced by an ideal of social justice a classless society created by the elimination of all differences in wealth and power. Give Marx his due He was absolutely correct in identifying the political freedom of liberalism the right of each man to do as he wishes with his own resources as the origin of income disparity under capitalism. If Smith is now earning a fortune while Jones is still stuck in that subway, its not because of the class into which each was natural, to say nothing of royal patronage.They are where they are because of how the common man spends his money. Thats why some writers sell books in the millions, some sell them in the thousands, and still others cant even get published. It is the choices of the masses (the market) that create the inequalities of fortune and fame and the only way to correct those injustices is to control those choices. Every policy item on the leftist agenda is merely a rebate from this fundamental premise. Private property and the free market of exchange are the most obvious hindrances to the implementation of that agenda, but hardly the only. Also verboten is the choice to emigrate, which removes one and ones wealth from the pool of resources to be redirected by the demands of social justice and its enforcers. And crucial to the justification of a classless society is the undermining of any notion that individuals are responsible for their behavior and its consequences. To maintain the illusion that classes still exist under capitalism, it cannot be conceded that the haves are responsible for what they have or that the have nots are responsible for what they have not. Therefore, people are what they are because of where they were born into the social order as if this were early 17th century France.Men of achievement are pointedly referred to as the priviliged as if they were given everything and earned nothing. Their seeming accomplishments are, at best, really nothing more than the results of the cr ystalline luck of a beneficial social environment (or even in the allowance of one egalitarian, John Rawls natural endowment). Consequently, the haves do not deserve what they have. The flip side of this is the insistence that the have nots are, in fact, the underpriviliged, who have been denied their due by an unjust society. If some men wind up behind bars, they are (to lift out from Broadway) depraved only because they are deprived. Environmental determinism, once an almost sacred doctrine of official Soviet academe, thrives as the social constructionist orthodoxy of todays anti-capitalist left. The theory of behavioral scientists and their boxed rats serviceably parallels the practice of a Central Planning control board and its closed society.The imperative of economic equality also generates a striking opposition between social justice and its liberal rival. The equality of the latter, weve noted, is the equality of all individuals in the eyes of the law the protection of the political rights of each man, irrespective of class (or any assigned collective identity, hence the blindfold of Justice personified). However, this political equality, also noted, spawns the difference in class between Smith and Jones. All this echoes Nobel laureate F.A. Hayeks observation that if we treat them equally politically, the result must be inequality in their actual i.e., economic position. The irresistable conclusion is that the only way to place them in an equal economic position would be to treat them differently politically precisely the conclusion that the advocates of social justice themselves have always reached. In the nations that had instituted this resolution throughout their legal systems, different political intervention came to subsume the extermination or imprisonment of millions because of their class origins.In our own American mixed economy, which mixes differing systems of justice as much as economics, social justice finds contemplation in such policies and propositions as modern taxation and income redistribution affirmative action and even reparations, its logical implication and selective censorship in the distinguish of substantive equality, i.e., economic equality disingenuously reconfigured as a Fourteenth Amendment right and touted as the moral superior to formal equality, the equality of political freedom actually guaranteed by the amendment. This last is the project of a growing number of leftist legal theorists that includes Cass Sunstein and Catherine MacKinnon, the latter opining that the law of substantive equality and the law of freedom of expression for all are on a collision course in this country. Interestingly, Hayek had continued, Equality before the law and material equality are, therefore, not only different, but in conflict with each other a authorisation that evidently draws no dissent. Hayek emphasized another conflict between the two conceptions of justice, one we can begin examining simply by asking who the subject of liberal justice is.The answer a person a flesh-and-blood person, who is held accountable for only those actions that constitute specifically defined crimes of violence (robbery, rape, murder) against other citizens. Conversely, who is the subject of social justice society? Indeed yes, but is society really a who? When we speak of social psychology (the standard example), no one believes that there is a social psyche whose thoughts can be analyzed. And to date the very notion of social justice presupposes a volitional companionship whose actions can (and must) be held accountable. This jarring bit of Platonism traces all the way back to Marx himself, who, despite all his anti-Idealistic and anti-Hegelian rhetoric, is really an Idealist and Hegelian asserting, at root, that Society precedes and determines the characteristics of those who are its members (R.A. Childs, Jr.). Behold leftisms alternative to liberalisms atomistic individualism reifying colle ctivism, what Hayek called anthropomorphism or personification. Too obviously, it is not liberalism that atomizes an entity (a concrete), but social justice that reifies an aggregate (an abstraction).And exactly what injustice is Society responsible for? Of course the economic inequality between Smith and Jones and Johnson and Brown and all others. But there is no personified Society who planned and perpetrated this maintain inequity, only a society of persons acting upon the many choices made by their individual minds. Eventually, though, everyone recognizes that this Ideal of Society doesnt exist in the real world leaving two options. One is to cease holding society accountable as a legal entity, a moral agent. The other is to conclude that the only practical way to hold society accountable for its actions is to police the every action of every individual. The apologists for applied social justice have always explained away its relationship to totalitarianism as nothing more t han what we may call (after Orwells Animal Farm) the Napoleon scenario the subversion of earnest revolutions by demented individuals (e.g., Stalin, Mao to name just two among too many).What can never be admitted is that authoritarian brutality is the not-merely-possible-but-inevitable realization of the nature of social justice itself. What is social justice? The theory that implies and justifies the practice of socialism. And what is socialism? Domination by the State. What is socialized is state-controlled. So what is totalitarian socialism other than total socialism, i.e., state control of everything? And what is that but the absence of a free market in anything, be it goods or ideas? Those who contend that a socialist government need not be totalitarian, that it can allow a free market independent choice, the very source of inequality in some things (ideas) and not in others (goods as if, say, books were one or the other), are saying only that the socialist ethic shouldnt be applied consistently. This is nothing less than a confession of moral cowardice. It is the interpretation for why, from Moscow to Managua, all the rivalries within the different socialist revolutions have been won by, not the democratic or libertarian socialists, but the totalitarians, i.e., those who dont qualify their socialism with antonyms.Totalitarian socialism is not a variation but a redundancy, which is why half-capitalist hypocrites will always lose out to those who have the courage of their socialist convictions. (Likewise, someone whose idea of social justice is a moderate welfare state is someone whos willing to tolerate far more social injustice than hes willing to eliminate.) What is social justice? The abolition of privacy. Its repudiation of property rights, far from being a fundamental, is merely one derivation of this basic principle. Socialism, declared Marx, advocates the positive abolition of private property in order to effect the return of man himself as a s ocial, i.e., really human, being. It is the private status of property meaning the privacy, not the property that stands in opposition to the social (i.e., socialized, and thus really human) nature of man. note that the premise holds even when we substitute x for property. If private anything denies mans social nature, then so does private everything. And it is the negation of anything and everything private from work to worship to even family life that has been the social affirmation of the socialist state.What is social justice? The diametral of capitalism. And what is capitalism? It is Marxs coinage (minted by his materialist dispensation) for the Western liberalism that diminished state power from absolutism to particular government that, from John Locke to the American Founders, held that each individual has an inviolable right to his own life, liberty, and property, which government exists solely to secure. straightway what would the reverse of this be but a resurrecti on of Oriental despotism, the reactionary increase of state power from limited government to absolutism, i.e., totalitarianism, the absolute control of absolutely everything?And what is the opposite the violation of securing the life, liberty, and property of all men other than mass murder, mass tyranny, and mass plunder? And what is that but the point at which theory ends and history begins? And yet even before that point before the 20th century, before publication of the Manifesto itself there were those who did therefore make the connection between what Marxism inherently meant on paper and what it would inevitably mean in practice. In 1844, Arnold Ruge presented the abstract a police and slave state. And in 1872, Michael Bakunin provided the specificsThe Peoples State of Marx will not content itself with administering and governing the masses politically, as all governments do today. It will also administer the masses economically, concentrating in the pass of the State th e production and division of wealth, the cultivation of land, the establishment and development of factories, the organization and direction of commerce, and finally the performance of capital to production by the only banker the State. All that will demand an immense knowledge and many heads overflowing with brains in this government. It will be the reign of scientific intelligence, the most aristocratic, despotic, arrogant, and elitist of all regimes. There will be a new class, a new hierarchy of real and counterfeit scientists and scholars, and the world will be divided into a minority ruling in the name of knowledge, and an immense ignorant majority. And then, suffering unto the mass of ignorant onesIt is precisely this new class that reflects the defining contradiction of modern leftist macrocosm The goal of complete economic equality logically enjoins the means of complete state control, yet this means has never practically achieved that end. Yes, Smith and Jones, once soc ialized, are equally poor and equally oppressed, but now above them looms an oligarchy of not-to-be-equalized equalizers. The inescapable rise of this new class privileged economically as well as politically, never quite ready to wither away forever destroys the possibility of a classless society. here the lesson of socialism teaches what should have been learned from the lesson of pre-liberal despotism that state coercion is a means to no end but its own. Far from expanding equality from the political to the economic realm, the pursuit of social justice serves only to contract it within both. There will never be any kind of equality or real justice as long as a socialist elite stands behind the trigger while the rest of us kneel before the barrel.Further ReadingThe contemporary left remains feature by the spirit of Marx, present even where hes not, and the best overview of his ideology remains Thomas SowellsMarxism Philosophy and Economics, which is complemented dead by the most accessible refutation of that ideology, David Conways A Farewell to Marx. Hayeks majestic The Mirage of Social Justice is a challenging yet rewarding effort, while his The Road to Serfdom provides an unparalleled exposition of how freedom go to tyranny. Moving from theory to practice, Communism A History, Richard Pipes slim survey, ably says all that is needed.