Sunday, March 31, 2019

Research Methods Theories and Concepts

look Methods Theories and plansUnderstanding of the look for systemology4.1 IntroductionThis chapter presents the reader clearly grounds of the look modeology and relevant read/write head entreees determining the direction by itinerary of this query was readed. In accordance with the master(prenominal) object lens of look, Kothari (2005) states that question should helper the reader to discover the truth that is hidden through the application of scientific procedures.Methodology produces the outcomes of any studies and it is grave to choose appropriate port to conduct the investigate rewrites in effective direction in order to pit police detectives aims and accusatorys of the look.Research modeology followed in this dissertation presents topics on different forms of inquiry which argon apply in order to find an appropriate cost and method acting acting in this domain. The research worker outlined aims and objectives of dissertation in Chapter 1 in that respectfore the purpose of this chapter is tointroduce research philosophy in proportion to adopted glide slope in this take ondiscuss research system expounded in current champaign, including the research methodology conductedpresent the instruments of research method which were developed and utilized in the achievement of research worker goalsexplain wherefore the ad hoc methods were adopted and constrains in relation with selective study order of battle considering the limit point to the presented researchFurther, the chapter discusses the issues followed as research philosophy, research liftes, research externalize, entropy solicitation method, information abridgment, reliability and limitation of the research.4.2 Research philosophyAccording to monitor lizard ( 2005 ) , the academic research should be developed in a philosophic way. Differently speaking, the research should be followed with method of study elabo outrankd to founder explain and f acilitate the analysis of subject. Looking at this context, the philosophical prelude intermits framework of the research according to its configuration, necessary evidence, pull aheading the selective information and the way of its interpretation to give the respect subject answers to the research questions.The research starts with its first spirit which is definition of the philosophical method of research that ought to be examine. There be some(a)(prenominal) different come upes of research philosophy, such as the positivism, phenomenology and realism. ( Saunders et. al., 2003 ). Each approach fates guessing and various methodo sensible systemal consequence according with its position and the skeleton description of the characteristics of each research philosophy will be interpreted below.PositivismAccording to Currie ( 2003), the confident(p) approach means development of superior general rules and principles utilize the different systematic techniques of scient ific method. The positivist approach begins with dilemma, whim or note as it is the first shout associated with this philosophy. Following this way of approach, the detective analyzes the fact and objectives of the study in order to pee-pee the logic way of thinking to explain subject of the study. In the go steady of Newman (2005 ) this approach is based on valued investigation.Prediction of prospective behavior is using upd in the positivist approach by generating general laws from the standpoint of objective truth.( Fisher, 2004). Based on researchers belief on accurate and value chuck up the sponge selective information , this approach determines human beingnesss and their action to be studied as objectively as the part of natural world.PhenomenologyPhenomenology is overly called non-positivist , intrepretivist , naturalistic approach. The chase of this approach contend the observation of phenomenon should be key of obtaining the comprehensive account and descrip tion of the occupation. Through the subjective interpretation mankind fuck be fully analyzed .Approach present that the objective truth is less intimately- important because the reality is socially created, hence it holds subjective truth. The key element of the non positivist philosophy is the study of the natural environment followed with affects on those phenomena. Scientists believe the reality is relative part to various variable such as situation, age , location, culture, value of society, etc. Thus researchers of this approach go further to ascertain how things occur in reality and how people pit on its concomitant rather than to generalize things based on standards laws. ( Fisher, 2004)RealismRealism research philosophy lies on philosophical views of positivism and it is based on the parameter that the objective reality exists and it is independent part of human beings beliefs and behavior. Realism also states that humans are not considered as objects in the studies of natural science, barely social influence is taken into account. Further, realism gives mains richness to those social influences in order to make beachrupt read the way of peoples behavior and thinking and their sentiency of these social forces. ( Saundres et al., 2003 )Based on the trinity different type of research philosophies, this research followed phenomenology approach with the objectives of research project . Developed on this approach, researcher was able to define the nature of the problem being investigated and to engender the better arrest of the environment within the problem occurred. Usage of phenomenology approach hand overd a comprehensive description of the main aim of the research referring to the importance of attempt management in todays blood line world.4.3 Research ApproachAccording to Saunders et al. there are ii main research approach conducted by business research cognise as deductive and inductive scientific methods of reasoning.The ded uctive approach means testing theories on effective way where researcher is able to develop a theory or surmisal creating outline for testing the theory. In the view of Saunders (2005) it is appropriate scientific research method for the organization so called top down method. There are common chord locomote when conducting research based on deductive forms of reasoning kickoffly, researcher states the theory examined with theory or research literature. Secondly, accumulate selective information in order to researcher test the hypothesis. The net step manoeuvres to building the right decision when researcher is accepting or rejecting the hypothesis based on conclusion.In product line, the inductive method , well known as screw up scientific method suitable when researchers aim is to generate theories and hypothesis in order to understand why something happens in reality. Inductive approach of reasoning is usually basic way for building the theories, when researcher by a ppeal information scientific way to develop theory as a result of entropy analysis.The inductive method involves three steps in its process referring to researchers ability to observe the environment , find a pattern for observed element and provide generalization virtually final result of analysis.In reality the two approaches are not reciprocally exposed, merely piddle joint participation in business studies (Seddighi, 2000 ). Nevertheless, the classic fact about those two scientific methods lies on statement that its movement in research depends on research question and research objectives.The inductive and deductive methods are demonstrated in figure below Therefore, the deductive approach was adopted to create a path for this particular research. This method of research was used to test theory based on hypothesis moving from specific to general. Usage of this approach enabled researcher to contribute to the prospered achievement of the objectives of this project. Imple menting this method researcher was able to understand the company and its hazard management techniques in the specific environment related to the topic and quantify the strategies used by the Societe Generale Bank to maintain the aforesaid(prenominal).4.4 Research DesignThe research convention is used to address the research questions which were taken into consideration in this study. The research determination appears from questions directly determining the main objectives being examined in this thesis. These questions are results from the gaps amid theory based on literature go off presented in Chapter 2 and analyzing and findings of primitive data based in the adjacent Chapter 5.Yin (2003) states that research design is dependent element for research project help the researcher to decide what questions to study, which information are relevant to the current causal agency study, how to collect data and to do analysis of presented findings. In the view of Saunders et al . ( 2003 ), there are three various types of research design followed as (1) Exploratory, (2) descriptive and (3) Explanatory. The description of each will be summarized below.ExploratoryExploratory research is constructed to answer what questions, according to Yin (2003), and in many a(prenominal) casefuls includes juvenile studies which wad be result of the appearance of saucy phenomena or insufficient knowledge on the subject of any study. This approach is also recommended to approve researchers objectives by draw ining new insights about specific issue which fit well and present a good match to this research. Saunders et. al (2003) states usage of this approach especially for understanding the problem expressing the main steps to conduct an preliminary research meddlesome and studying the literature and talking to experts in the subject through wonders. This supposition is characterized as flexible and adaptable to daily changes as result of new information upcoming or new hypothesis appearing.DescriptiveConcept of this research implies design addressed to reveal validate profile of persons, events or situations. Descriptive concept tends to answer on questions such as who, where , how many how much. However, what question can be included in situation if the research wants to have u clue about the details of some specific topic or issue. Descriptive research is also well known as archival research because of the use of arcival records. ( Yin, 2003 ). The concept is useful and of the essence(p) when the researcher achievement focuses on details and descriptrion of ohenomena or when it should show prospicience about specific findings. Unlike exploratory approach which is based on qualitative research, descriptive concept implies qualitative way of analysis using archival records, questionnaire, supplemental data, etc.(Saunders et. al., 2003 ).ExplanatoryExplanatory research is known as casual research and is conducted for answering the how and why questions. A casual study is focused on finding casual relationships between variables. This concept of approach use qualitative way of research such as case studies, histories, experiments aiming to describe relationships expressing the cause and effect of particular incident. Explanatory research design allows using qualitative approach to answer on question how and why depends on sources of relationship between cause and effect. In that way, operational relate required implication of secondary data, statistics. ( Yin, 2003 Saunders et. al. 2003).According to Saunders et. al. (2003), exploratory research design is the nigh suitable and useful for new studies giving the significant character for understanding of the findings of the main subject. Therefore , this research is of an exploratory nature and the exploratory research was developed in order to define the nature of adventure management and explain and clarify the understanding of usage and effectiveness of try man agement in Societe Generale Bank. The researcher of the presented issue wanted to compare and contrast the findings with the theory expressed in literature review and was able to give the suggestion and recommendation to the company or new(prenominal) companies in the same work filed and future prospective through exploratory research design which is briefly presented in Chapter 6.4.5 Data collection MethodOne of the most important element in research project is data collection method. This method means good preparation and organization of collecting data in order to researcher not have a problem to face too much information collected, which can become a major obstacle rather than help in the project researched. rattling often, there is much information available that can be a barrier to sort and evaluate real and important information and to survey their usefulness It is necessary to understand different approaches and methods for collecting data and that have great importance i n preparing research and organizing data collection in a systematic way. ( Lancaster, 2005 )According to Saunders et. al. ( 2003 ), there are various forms of information which can be distinguished in two main throng as secondary data and primary data.Secondary dataLancaster states (2005) that the secondary data are second hand data which already are presented and collected by other researchers for the purpose of foregoing researches and giving hypothesis on other issues. It summarized raw data and published data including home(a) records and external records within the organization. Those secondary data can provide across-the-board range of sales and marketing data, production data, financial data, personnel, transcripts of speeches, administrative and usual record data followed by external record such as newspapers articles, journals, internet, official statistics, etc.Secondary data have qualitative and vicenary nature and its utilization is visible in twain descriptive and instructive research.According to Saunders et. al. ( 2003 ), the advantages of secondary data leads to saving both money and time, having less resource requirements for specific issue, creating easier way for longitudinal studies, providing comparative and contextual data and may result in unforeseen discoveries of particular subject. On the other hand , disadvantages can be expressed through some of nix aspects of its collection. Sometimes its purpose does not match the goal of researcher and its coming may be costly for commercial reasons. Thus, those data can lead to unsuitable definition for the required subject affecting the quality of data presented.Primary dataPrimary data refers to collection of data by researchers using the various methods and techniques such as interviews, questionnaires, observations, experiments in order to gather the most valuable data necessary for researchers project . The process of collecting primary data requires more time, effort and resou rces comparing with secondary data providing more relevant answers on the research questions.Looking at collecting data on primary way , there is distinguish between forms of data collected which can be categorised in two main groups quantifiable and qualitative data. (Saunders et. al. 2003)Quantitative data refers to number -organized data and can be expressed numerically giving the framework with numerical value. This approach is recommended during latter phases of research projects. Approach deals with questions such as how many, how large, what rate something. Using quantitative data tends to be more efficient, to test hypotheses, but may result in fewer contextual detail about particular topic. Quantitative process of collecting data is more objective and scientific process than qualitative process. (Lancaster, 2005)In contrast, the aim of qualitative data is to provide a complete, detailed description and this process is recommended during earlier phases of research work. Q ualitative approach is more subjective and gathered information can not be numerically analyzed. Therefore, those data has usage and utilization in investigation about peoples opinion, attitude, fears and hopes which can not be part of quantitative analysis. Qualitative data results in more rich relevance in term of time consuming, and less probability to be generalized.In this project, data were collecting based on qualitative interviews with the managers of Societe Generale Bank in Serbia , because the researcher wanted to deeply explore the effectiveness of danger management in banking heavens and its implementation in todays banking environment in branch of Societe Generale group in Serbia from the point of view of respectable managers in the Bank. Through interview with the managers who work for the company, the researcher achieved goals which has already mentioned in Chapter 1 providing aims and objectives of the current research. Although, observation would be dependent pa rt of this research and would help to discover how endangerment management plane section works by its employees, time constraint was the main reason why research couldnt spent more time in Serbia, observing the bank endangerment activities, because the company of case study is dictated in Serbia. Therefore, researcher used well organized interviews as the most appropriate way to collect valuable data according to the already mentioned limited circumstances.According to Lancaster (2005), interviews are defined as a main category of data collection techniques and appropriate way for collecting data through questioning effectively. This technique is crucial for getting the background of participants experiences. This method is adopted when researcher tends to fully understand the impressions, attitudes, feelings, motivations or experiences of someone to gain more knowledge through their answers on questionnaires. There are several types of interview used in research project to coll ect data divided in three categories structured interviews, semi-structured interviews and unstructured interviews.Structured interviews means using specific questionnaires and this research method is usually used for quantitative surveys. The structured interviews involve the interviewer inability to change the structure of question by adding or removing some of its sequence. Conducted in formal way, respondents responses are recorded on a questionnaire standardized form during the interview process. As a result, the analysis of the structured interviews have quantitative nature.Semi-structured interviews is research instrument used to provide greater volume for discussion and knowledge about the problem, opinion and respondets view of particular subject. This approach is flexible in terms of changing some questions during the interviews process giving the researcher freedom to ask slightly convertible question in order to cover list of already wide-awake themes. The questions ca n vary from one interview to another side by side(p) the path of discussion with respondent. Thus the collected data can summarize both qualitative and quantitative information and have impact in exploratory study.Unstructured interviews are also called in-depth interviews. The unstructured interviews are conducted in unaffixed manner as preliminary step in research in order to interviewer generates hypothesis about the nature of subject being investigated. Adopting this research instrument interviewer is aware of ability to gather the data necessary for research topic, matters and responses in some depth. Those interviews are guided by predefined list of thesis and they are not controlled by specific questions. The main purpose of choosing in-depth interviews lies in interviewers need to find out what people think and way how they react to issues. The respondent is encouraged to reveal and to talk about everything that he/she thinks on issues of interest to the researcher. The in terviewer is taking note (or tape-recording) for all highlights that would greatly contribute to the researchFollowing the phenomenology approach and exploratory research design, the researcher decided to use semi-structured interviews with managers of Societe Generale Bank in Serbia as a method to collect qualitative data about jeopardy management in Societe Generale Bank and its implication in bank activities as well as the result it is achieved. This method is used by research in order to reader light upon expansive response from the interviewees, but at the same time to provide comparation between theory and practice considering find management in banking sector as issues. Also this method is less formal choice and better way to catch the point of view of the managers by getting in spite of appearance information in relation to the research topic.In addition, secondary data such as company records about financial report of previous year, press release with relevance to the t opic was collected for consideration as well. Policies of the company for the internal and external control of risk were analyzed memory the management of Societe Generale as the focus of research.4.6 Interview guideAs it was mentioned in the previous paragraph, the research was conducted by interviewing managers of Societe Generale Bank in Serbia in order to analyze the way they implemented risk management techniques within bank activities in credit department as well as to explore the achievement gained from applying this. Therefore, this section will provide the framework used by researcher to design the interview.According to Fisher (2004), the first step in designing the interview is to identify the main point of question and priorities them. This way of conducting the interview helps researcher to organize the question regarding to its importance to the research topic. It is important to make hierarchy from more important to less important questions which can be dismissed in terms of having insufficient time.Therefore, the researcher presented question summarized them in several topics as followsBrief background of Bank jeopardize management conceptThe main purpose of undertaking an analysis of riskTechniques and methods of Societe Generale Bank in Serbia adopted in risk credit temperanceEffectiveness of credit risk management in Societe Generale Bank in todays economic climateMeasurement credit riskImplementation and importance of Basel II accord in banking sectorTo accomplish the objectives, researcher agnize the interviews with the managers on the topic given above. The researcher collected information regarding to risk management in credit department and the effectiveness of undertaking risk management analysis in the Bank.The analysis of the questions was realized from a set of interviews with the managers of the Societe Generale Bank and was conducted through the series of meeting. In each meeting a different subject concerning the credit risk m anagement was verified. In numerate , five different meetings were completed discussing the risk management issue on the highlighted topic given in previous sequence.Having collected data from primary and secondary sources, the next stage was analysis of the records and the description of findings which will be presented in the following Chapter 5.4.7 Data analysisThe data collected in this research implied using the qualitative data and the researcher adopted three steps to analyze it. In the view of Saunders et. al. 2003, it is crucial to conduct data analysis in effective way in order to get response on the research question and achieve research objectives and aims.First step included analyzing the data , which was recorder by tape or taking a note during the interview process, by prioritizing the most valuable data for the discussed issues. After that, the researcher was able to unitize the data by implementing the quotation from the respondent which supported the key elements of the research topic. Final step the researcher used to analyze data though tables for the each categorized data giving the better understanding and impressionistic view of importation the answers.Effective data analysis will enable reader to understand the way of using risk management techniques and tools in credit department of Societe Generale Bank in the main representative office in Serbia providing the logical conclusion on the research topic. Therefore, data analysis presented in the following Chapter will approach reader to critical, reflective and meaningful analysis between data and comprehensive research in order to be achieved the aims and objectives of this research.4.8 reliableness and validityReliability and validity are very important elements when researcher analyzes the data conducted through qualitative research.Consistency of the result is indispensable particle when conducting the research topic. Marshall and Rossman (1999) quoted that qualitative data colle cted to accomplish aims and objectives of study are not open for any replication ( Saunders et al. 2003 ). Hence, qualitative researcher based on unstructured forms should reveal reality of the issue being investigated. Realibility and validity as part of data collecting are essential for analysis and creating key findings of study and reader will be able to meet trustworthy results of presented subjectIn this study, the researcher used the method of qualitative research in order to examine credit risk management and its applicability in todays economic climate. Leading its research to qualitative way, researcher was able to make comparison and contrast between literature and practice and give recommendation and suggestion for the subject examined. Thus , this study based on reliability and validity of qualitative data create a clear path for achieving researchers aims and objectives in very dynamic and complex way

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