Fitness Industry and Social Media Dangers

Fitness diligence and neighborly Media DangersCould The Fitness Industry Be More HarmfulThen enjoymentful?Introduction health house be defined as the give inof macrocosm free from illness and injury. however looking kick upstairs into the legerhealth gives you synonyms such as well-being seaworthiness darling condition push asidedidshape. These words generate concepts regarding the relationship of the seaworthiness exertion to the sense of well being and good health. Since the First domain of a function Warthe focus on physical physical fitness has been a firsthand focus of the wellness status andconversation around health issues in Canada and the unify States. In Canada wellness Canada and The Canadian fodder reappraisal Agency, and The viands and do drugs Administration in the demand together States, argon responsible for the regimenal tracks on the nutriment we consume. These labels along with the appropriate solid food guidelines of nutritional expen diture be supposed to be the flamboyant standard for an separate to curb a level of salutary ingest adept aspect of a flushed lifestyle. With a healthy forage, exercise, and adequate sleep, should in theory, enable a very healthy and long life. But what if the foods, the substances being consumed, arnt scarcely what they said they were? Or what if something marketed with whizz health aspiration, losing angle, actually destroyed and damage your kidneys in the process? In the Health Consumables Market the issue is whether Canada and the United States fitness painss keep acquire counter increaseive to the nutrition of health. One major issue atomic add 18 the regulations and guidelines for nutritional discipline on proceedss that are directly correlated with the fitness manufacture, such as protein, Branch- concatenation-Amino-Acids, creatin and fat outrage intersections are too relaxed and often go un heared1. An tied(p) greater detriment to the fitness indu stry is that the commonwealth who assist these divers(a) fitness extensionations on their tender media plat melodic phrases pee unrealistic corpse images and thus elevate health issues. torso issues and eating disturbs further fuel the unregulated supplement industry creating a cyclical beast that may provoke health in some entirely in turn does the turnaround in others.What is extremityed to tame this beast are tighter regulations and standards for supplement harvest-feasts and a sy solution to control the promotion of these Instagram stars and their crops. Could the fitness industry ever set about an industry worth believing in? CURRENT SUPPLEMENT REGULATIONS currently supplements and health harvestings are g all overned by Health Canada. The solid food and Drug Regulations lockon a test if needed basis quite an than on a mandatory food- scrutiny basis. TheFood and Drug Regulations hand over a conscious submission emergency. The comp any(prenominal)submits their nutritional label and intersection information to Health Canada andthey ensure it prolongs the nutritional guidelines of what is allowed in mathematical harvest-homes2.If a product makes a take on of either nutrition tipic or complaint risk decline then the product itself willing be submitted for exam to the CanadianFood watchfulness Agency (CFIA)3.Once submitted to the CFIA they will determine whether the claim of a nutrient apprize is relegate in the product so that the label is reporting the correcthealth contents. Disease reduction is as well as remindered and metrical by CFIA tosee if the product claims are acsubgenus Pastor i.e. Cheerios reduces heart disease4.When determining the safety and the health claims of each product t fool a bearingher are anumber of critical issuesIndustry is responsiblefor ensuring that nutrition labelling and claims are compliant with theFood and Drug Regulationsand thatlabel values accurately smooth the nutrient content of the product.A sui panel compliancetest for the accuracy of state nutrient values moldiness take into considerationthe inherent disagreement of nutrients in foods and the variability of the science laboratory method using appropriate statistical analysis.TheCFIAcomplianceaction will take into consideration non just now laboratory results, nevertheless also thehealth risk to the public, scotch departure to consumers, past compliance historyof the product and the companys quality control over the manufacturing andlabelling processes.5Interestingly CFIA and health Canada exempt some foodsfrom this rigorous process and the requirement of having to submit theirproduct for health claims review. Exceptions include meal replacements,nutritional supplements, mineral nutrients and/or amino acids.The United States reviews are conducted by a sub-section of the Food and Drug Administration entit conduct Center for Food Safety and utilise Nutrition (CFSAN). CFSAN operates very similarly to the Canadian equivalent, CFIA, in that the majority of testing is done on a random non mandatory basis. The manufacturing businesss are asked to submit the product test results as outlined in the Manufacturers responsibleness criteriaFDAs continuing insurance since the 1970s assigns themanufacturer the responsibility for assuring the cogency of a product labelsstated nutrient values. matchly, the source of the data employ to calculatenutrition label values is the prerogative of the manufacturer, but FDAs policyrecommends that the nutrient values for labeling be based on productcomposition, as determined by laboratory analysis of each nutrient. FDAcontinues to recommend the employ of the Official Methods of the Association ofOfficial Analytical Chemists International (AOAC), with non-AOAC OfficialMethods use save in the absence of appropriate AOAC validated methods. Foreach product that is include in a nutrition-labeling database submitted toFDA, the agency requests that the devi seer include a table ilairtifyingproposed analytical methods that were apply in the analysis of each nutrient,with accompanying information break offing validation of the method used by theonsite or commercial laboratory for the matrix of interest.6However the FDAs regulations allow for a choice byeach manufacturer to use the non-AOAC Official Methods that gives them theability to prepare their numbers.The manufacturer must also accept with Title 21 of the Code of federal Regulations, which breaks down consumables into distinguishable classes of nutrients according to the FDA7. at that place are three different classes of nutrients crystallise I arethose added in fortified or fictive foods, these nutrients are vitamins,minerals, protein, dietary fibre, or potassium8.Class I nutrientsmust be present at c% or to a greater extent of the value say onthe label in other words, the nutrient content determine by the laboratoryanalysis must be at least(prenominal) equal to the lab el value9.Class II arevitamins, minerals, protein, full carbohydrate, dietary fibre, othercarbohydrate, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat, or potassium that occurnaturally in a food product10ClassII nutrientsmust be present at80% or more of the value declared on the label11.Class deuce-ace nutrientsinclude calories, sugars, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium12.However, for products such as fruit drinks juices and confectioneries that sop up sugar content of 90 share or more of total carbohydrate. To preventlabeling anomalies due in part to rounding, FDA treats total carbohydrate as aClass III nutrient instead of a Class II nutrient13.For foods with label declarations of Class III nutrients, the ratio amongst the sum total obtained by laboratory analysis and the add together declared on the productlabel in the Nutrition Facts panelmust be great hundred% or less. The label isconsidered to be out of compliance if the nutrient content of a composite ofthe prod uct is greater than 20% above the value declared on the label14.For example, if a laboratory analysisfound 8 g of total fat/serving in a product that stated that it contained 6 gof total fat/serving, the ratio between the laboratory value and the labelvalue would be (8 / 6) x 100 = 133%, and the product label would be consideredto be out of compliance.Like the CFIA the FDA retain dietary supplements downstairs a different category legislated under the dietetical Supplement Health and rearing work out 1994(DSHEA)15. These supplements are required to follow these rules outlined belowFederal rectitude requires that every dietary supplement be labeledas such, either with the term dietary supplement or with a termthat substitutes a description of the products dietary ingredient(s) for theword dietary (e.g., herbal supplement or calciumsupplement).Federal honor does non require dietary supplements to be provensafe to FDAs expiation before they are marketed.For most claims made i n the labeling of dietary supplements, thelaw does not require the manufacturer or seller to prove to FDAs enjoymentthat the claim is accurate or truthful before it appears on the product.In general, FDAs role with a dietary supplement product begins subsequently the product enters the marketplace. That is usually the agencys firstopportunity to take action against a product that presents a significant orunreasonable risk of illness or injury, or that is otherwise adulterated ormisbranded.Dietary supplement firms must report to FDA any serious adverseevents that are describe to them by consumers or health care professionals.Dietary supplement manufacturers do not obtain to get the agencysapproval before producing or selling these products.It is not legal to market a dietary supplement product as atreatment or cure for a specific disease, or to alleviate the symptoms of adisease.There are limitations to FDA oversight of claims in dietarysupplement labeling. For example, FDA review s substantiation for claims asresources permit16.The regulations from the DSHEA actually allowcompanies to check and alter their product and nutritional labels tosecure granting and limit investigation by the FDA or CFSAN. It also creates asystem where CFSAN and the FDA are required to go out of their way to find bleak-to- market products in order to pose an investigation process if needed. The FDA states it is committedto working with all interested parties in order to achieve reliable nutritionlabeling as economically as possible17.The agency acknowledges that following all of the recommendations/guidelines intheir manual could pose economic hardships. Therefore, in certain instances,FDA may accept a proposal to develop a database over several years to helpdefer costs18. By deferring the testingeven longer this can only add to the paradox at hand.Although limited in the previously mentioned countrys of inspection, the Canadian and United States systems have a number of success ful and positive parameters. Health Canada and the Food and Drug Administration both have independent testing bodies. The CFIA and CFSAN both have good, unbiased structures for testing and the type of tests they use are considered industry gold standards. They also have correctly identified the differences in regular securities industry store food and what would be considered food from the supplement or fitness industry.The Fitness IndustryThe fitness industry is an ever-changing entity that has continued to train over the past several decades. Following the First military personnel War, especially in Canada, physical fitness started to beat an area of focus of government. In the 1950s in North America the fitness focus was on rhythmic exercises, jumping jacks, calisthenics and the Five Basic Exercises (stretching, sit-ups, back extensions, push-ups, outpouring in place) the first type of circuit readiness19. The hula-hoop was the main style in fitness selling over 100 millio n units in the United States. The 1960s brought us corrade belts and diet courses. The massage belts were supposed to massage away fat in unwanted areas, and eating healthier meant alcoholism diet soda and artificial sugar20. The 70s brought into the fitness industry jazzercise and bodybuilding. Both of these trends would last longer than the decade due to the enigmatic take in slow it, Arnold Schwarzenegger one of the most decorated bodybuilders of all-time21. The addition to the 80s fitness culture was Jane Fonda and her aerobics picture places22. The 1990s fitness trends included Taebo refer camps and peakly pop -celebrity utilization videos 23. The boot camp and fitness video trends have definitely stood the test of time as they still are still widely used by fitness participants worldwide. The 21st cytosine heralded in a new attitude of Staying fit including Pilates, kickboxing and weightlift exercises for women24. The focus switched to heart rate to determine the effectiveness of a workout 25. The trends of the fitness industry today focus on High garishness Interval Training (HIIT) the use of tender media and thesuper-hero body. HIIT programs consist of workouts under the brand of CrossFit, which is quickly becoming one of the fastest growth fitness trends. Itemphasizes strength components interspersed with sprints and long bouts ofcardiovascular fitness. Along with intense training standardized HIIT the industry hasstarted to incorporate and profit from the use of social media. There are YouTubefitness bloggers and now most recently Instagram heros. Both use social mediaand have become one of the primary sources of income for todays fitnesspersonality. smash hit movies have created the ideal body image modelledafter the incredibly- in-shape superheroes such as Superman, Thor, WonderWoman and Captain America.The presence of social media in the fitness industry although a new phenomena in the last decade, has really set off in the las t 5 years. The creation of juicyly viewed YouTube content used to reap monetary rewards for the creators, which is wherefore fitness professionals created content on this platform. at once however, it has evolved into something lots more. As the fitness industry grows instead of a parttime hobby it has become a lucrative occupation. A individual pertain in this industry can include competing in their single palm (bodybuilding, weightlifting, Cross Fit, etc.) personal training online coaching selling workout plans, nutrition in person training sponsors (which can be promoted through their respective social media platforms) and personal business endeavours (clothing lines, supplement brands, operating own gym). completely of these add revenue to the individual and are often cyclically attached, so one generates customers for the other. Like with anything the more that see you and your accomplishments the more profitable you can become which is why a persons social media platform s have become so important in building ones brand. As mentioned these fitness personalities usually have supplement sponsors as most of these athletes are in the apex one percent of all people in terms of body aesthetics and performance. When you are in the top one percent of athletes the nutrition and supplementation you take can give you the exquisite advantage you need to be just that much better than your opposition creating the dependence on these sponsors by all athletes in this industry. However, as is the content in this primarily unregulated industry they are playing with their health and careers. It is hard to believe that an individual who cares so much about their body would put so little research into what they are taking and more importantly what they are promoting. Fitness Industry SupplementsThe most often-used supplement for any athlete is protein powder. Having a protein powder supplement allows an individual to increase their protein inspiration while not upp ing the rest of the macros (protein, fats, and carbohydrates) in their daily consumption. However, in a recent 2010 study done, by Consumer Reports not-for-profit magazine run by U.S. Consumer Union, of the top 15 brands in the industry26 found at least one product from each brand tested contained detectable amounts of toxic substances. The toxic substances included cadmium, arsenic, lead and/or mercury. The three most toxic brands contained heavily metal poisoning over the safe allowable amount27. These named companies fought back against the report by taking their product line to NSF a non-profit International non-governmental organization, which conducted their own tests. These products passed NSFs American National Standard for Nutrition/Dietary Supplements testing but Consumer Reports counters that in that location is significant variation between samples in a product line and one passed test doesnt mean every product is safe. The major concern is that prolonged exposure to heavy metal toxicity can cause body toxicity, which can result in further medical issues down the road28. The National Science Foundation is an independent appurtenant of the World Health Organization reports in that location are still many an(prenominal) issueswith these testing processes. NSF International has legitimate testing whichsome companies submitted to for independent testing, but they only scoredadequately which is also concerning. T Consumer Reports states that the testingof one product doesnt mean that all the others would be adequate. The alarming truth of these results of high metal toxicityis consumers dont await to care continuing to buy the products. Statistics showthat in 2012 the supplement industry had revenue of roughly $32 one million million US andthe industry is trending to grow to about $60 meg US by 202129. match to a registeredUnited Kingdom dietician Maeve Hanan there are some benefits to the consumptionof protein supplements. Such benefits incl ude helping athletes hit increasedprotein requirement goals, it is also highly convenient, and it can often becost efficient as most athletes get their protein supplements through sponsors30. However according to Hananthere are far more cons than pros to consuming this form of protein. Sheincludes an investigation done by UK Medicines and Healthcare RegulatoryAgencies where eighty quadruple tested brands contained dangerous ingredients includingsteroids, stimulants and hormones that can cause kidney failures, seizures andheart problems31. There is also evidencethat the prolonged use of protein can cause osteoporosis and several GI diseases32. As well, Hanan found thatthe supplement may not actually contain the level of protein advertised, aproduct said to be containing seventy percent protein in fact had only sevenpercent33. It appears that the issuesMaeve Hanan unearthed in protein supplements could be intercommunicate with bettertesting by the regulating governments.Protein supp lements are not the only supplements thatfitness professionals take to build muscle. BCAAs or Branch Chain Amino Acidshave also become a go-to for many of the top one-percenters in the industry.These BCAAs while promoted as a key fitness component for a healthier life,like protein supplements there are proscribe side effects that arent publiclyacknowledged by the athletes and the companies promoting these products. In astudy by Luigi et al. it was shownthat decreased BCAA consumption improved metabolic health34. plot of land improving the metabolic health of the test subjects it also showed todecrease Body Mass Index (BMI) and decrease fat mass of an individual, a goalof the fitness personality low body fat percentage35.Although the BCAAs in this study was dietary BCAAs found in food, it stillapplies here. Companies in this industry promote products like BCAA withoutdoing the research needed to prove their effectiveness., The consumer continuesto leverage due to the aesthetically a ppealing people promoting the product areseen as believable. Beautiful people are trustworthier, right?The product that could potentially be the biggest sham andthe most harmful to health, are weight loss products. One of the biggest brandsin the weight loss industry is Hydroxycut. In 2008 there was a study ofHydroxycut by the World Journal of Gastroenterology analyzing its toxicity.They performed a fact study with two confirmed users of Hydroxycut and thesymptoms they showed when admitted to hospital. They compiled the results fromthe two current cases and from the previous literary flora written about theproduct and found that there was a correlation between prolonged use ofHydroxycut and heptatoxicity36. Both of these test subjects andprevious cases exhibited that the prolonged use of this product eventually leadto hepatitis and other colorful health issues. The absence of testing of theproduct that falls under the supplementation guidelines led to negatively charged health implications. Although governments have guidelines, they allow products toavoid testing until after they are on market, which is often too late.Social Media and The Fitness IndustryOne of the spark advance researchers in Health Law and particularly this area of Fitness and Social Media is Professor Timothy Caulfield. Professor Caulfield has written numerous books on this subject including The Cure For Everything Untangling The Twisted Messages About Health Fitness and Happiness and Is Gwenyth Paltrow Wrong About Everything. Both of these books discuss the everyday health trends, whether they are diet or fitness trends, and how celebrities promote these. more or less of the trends consumers have been following even though there is no scientific evidence of their efficacy. These include Juice Cleanses, Colon Cleanses and Gluten Free diets. piece juicing has no negative side effects it has also been shown to do no good as it is not a more effective way to get the nutrition from fru its and vegetables and does not flush toxins from the body37. Now a trend like colon cleanses while they may make you feel lighter they can actually be quite harmful to the body by create nausea vomiting and even infection38. Going gluten free is a trend that has really taken off but again no scientific proof that eliminating gluten has any health benefits, while actually some studies have shown that going gluten free can actually lead to weight gain39. So why would consumers buy into these fads if there is no scientific proof behind them? The answer is dim-witted because celebrities promote them, and the consumers have no reason not to believe them.Celebrity bearment might just be the biggest negative in the fitness industry. If there are fitness icons or personalities who promote an untested product it causes the same issue as the diet trend promotions. However in the case of health products promoted by these fitness personalities it is much more harmful due to the elevated hea vy metal present in the products. The promotion of these unregulated products is also tied into the celebritys unrealistic bodies. Many people forget that these people have regular jobs devoted to looking amazing. These celebrities are seen as the definition of being healthy and attractive so if one doesnt look like them can create serious body image issues.Instagram is quickly becoming the most popular form of social media. This app has been tone of voiced to sharing over 40 billion photos since its creation with about 80 million a day40. The purpose of the app is to curate and edit photos and posts with how we want the public to view that particular user. This creates a potentially dangerous atmosphere to those who may be susceptible to an eating disorder. Users need to be educated that users of Instagram may utilize filters, angles and lighting to look as desirable as possible distorting the real image41. This not only creates a false reality for the followers of that user but for that user themselves42. According to Crystal who is a Masters Level Registered Dietician and a demonstrate Intuitive Eating Counselor there are certain things to monitor when using Instagram in order to protect against negative self-image, eating disorder, or body issuesWhat Kind of accountsare you following?Are you preoccupied withfood and or/fitness on Instagram in a way that is obsessive or unhealthy?Do you find yourselffollowing certain diet trends or dieting recommendations because of someone orsomething you found on Instagram?43Instagrampersonalities not only promote or influence diet trends they also endorseunregulated supplement products, which can add to unhealthy choices.In reply Instagram has been tagged with creating its own eating disorder. According to University College London states that Instagram is the leading cause of Orthorexia Nervosa44. Orthorexia Nervosa is an illness focused on an obsession with eating healthy. Symptoms can include eating excessive fru its and vegetables cutting out certain food groups and excessively exercising45. While this may seem like just healthy lifestyle choices this illness is related to the severity of the dietary restrictions, leading to malnutrition and social isolation46. The reasons given for the Instagram connection is the people followed expose the follower to a extreme health pictures, and social media personalities are seen as authoritys on health and appearance47. The Supplementation of the RegulationsThere are clear issues today that stem from the growth of the fitness industry, but there doesnt have to be. In the United States and Canada there exists already a structure to properly test all of the supplements that go to market, before the product is released. It is clear that the methods of testing and the standards for this industry are sound, but just not fully implemented. However there should be a complete ban on products leading to heavy metal poisoning. The amount of testing for each pro duct would increase significantly industry standard of 10 there will need to be an increase of jobs to accommodate for the amount on tests for each product and the amount of lead case workers. Government may consider a number of issues when considering implementing changes the creation of government jobs versus the lost jobs from supplement companies who cant comply with new proposed industry standards the inevitable burden of unhealthy citizens versus a healthier country with healthier citizens.Companies like BioTrust seem to be one of the industry standards for the production of healthy products. Tim Skwiat and Shawn Wells directors at BioTrust endorseRight way the rightpeople who are formulators (use the right ingredients that work the best ratherthan look good)Cost of ingredient andthe product will be higher because they do studies on the ingredients (healthyhuman studies, in peer reviewed journals)Take the stuff that weknow works and make a product from that.Ingredients are na tural(no soy product)Ingredient testing (theynever stop testing and letting the product out of their hands)48While changing theregulations and possibly the growth of a company like BioTrust will help changethe supplementation industry for the better, there doesnt seem to be a simplefix for the social media issue. There has been broad research on the relationship to food restrictions at a unripened age and developing an eating disorder or becoming sullen later in life. According to a study done by Eisenberg & Neumark-Sztanier a survey of adolescents in grades 712, 30% of girls and 25% of boys account teasing by peers about their weight. Such teasing has been found to race in the home as well29% of girls and 16% of boys reported having been teased by a family member about their weight49. Neumark-Sztainer also co-wrote a paper on the effect of this teasing on the children which increases their chances of 1.5 to develop a form of an eating disorder50. These trends however are not l imited to children being teased it also stems into the perceived norms from social culture or mainstream media. According to a study by Abramovitz & Birch children learn (unhealthy) mainstream attitudes towards food and weight at a very young age, this study looked at five-year-old girls and a significant proportion of girls associated a diet with food restriction, weight-loss and thinness51. There needfully to be more education from the governments around food and healthy slipway for kids to eat, which is simply without rigid structure. The rigidity adds to the desire to get attractive or stay thin with extra presence from mainstream culture or social media (Instagram) which encourages the excessive use of supplementation which ends up often making the individual even more unhealthy. This has become a very cyclical and elicit problem which of necessity to be addressed by the governing bodies. If the new structure cant be implemented then simple education could go a very long way . There needs to be a priority of everyone in the industry to instead of coercing people to get fit, get them healthy instead.BibliographyAbramovitz, B. A. & Birch, L. L. (2000). Five-year-old girls ideas about dieting are predicted by their mothers dieting. Journal of the American dietary Association, 100 (10), 1157-1163.Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Nutrition Labelling compliance Test (9 September 2014), Canadian Food Inspection Agency (website), online .Danielle Isbell, Fitness Trends of the Last Six Decades (4 June 2015), sprightly Living (blog), online .David Lariviere, nutritionary Supplements Flexing Muscles As Growth Industry (18 April 2013), Forbes (blog), online .Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, 21 USC s 7 (1994).Eisenberg, M. E. & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2003). Associations of Weight-Based Teasing and Emotional public assistance Amond Adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 157(6), 733-738. Food and Drugs, 21 CFR tit 21s s 170.3 (2012).How Instagram can encourage eating doings disorders, (3 March 2017), Eating disorder hope(Blog), online .Ian Kenney, Protein mill Toxicity (3 October 2017), Livestrong (blog), online .Lauren Pelley, Timothy Caulfield debunks celebrity health trends, from gluten-free diets to colon cleanses, (8 January 2015), The Star (Newspaper), online .Lily Dara, Jennifer Hewett & Joseph Lim, Hydroxycut Hepatoxicity A Case series and review of liver toxicity from herbal weight loss supplements (2008) 1445 World J of Gastroenterology 6999.Luigi et al. rock-bottom consumption of complexify chain amino acids improves metabolic health. (2016) 162 HHS Public admission charge 520, online .Maeve Hanan, Protien Supplements Weighing up the Pros and Cons, (18 October 2015), Dietically Speaking (Blog), online .Neumark-Sztainer, D. R., Wall, M. M., Haines, J. I., Story, M. T., Sherwood, N. E., van den Berg, P. A. (2007). Shared find and Protective Factors for Overweight and Disordered Eating in Adolesecents. American Jounral of load Medicine, 33(5), 359-369. sanction of Dietary Supplements, Dietary Supplements for Exercise and gymnastic Performance (4 October 2017), National Institutes of Health (websites), online .Skwiat, Tim Wells, Shawn. The Truth AboutSupplements (2018) Biotrust Radio (ITunes Podcast).genus Vanessa Chalmers, Is Instagram making you sick? Study explains why photos of breakfast bowls and fitness inspiration can drive you to an eating disorder., (19 May 2017), Daily Mail(Newspaper), online .1 Office of Dietary Supplements, DietarySupplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance (4 October 2017), National Institutes of Health (websites),online .2 higher up stigmatise 1.3 Canadian Food Inspection Agency,Nutrition Labelling Compliance Test (9 September 2014), Canadian Food Inspection Agency (website), online .4 supra label 3.5 higher up pipeline 3.6 in a higher place commemorate 3.7 Foodand Drugs, 21 CFR tit 21s s 170.3 (2012).8 Supranote 7.9 Suprano te 7.10 Supranote 7.11 Supranote 7.12 Supranote 7.13 Supranote 7.14 Supranote 7.15 DietarySupplement Health and Education Act of 1994, 21 USC s 7 (1994).16 Supra note 15.17 Supra note 15.18 Supra note 1519 Danielle Isbell, Fitness Trends of theLast Six Decades (4 June 2015), SpryLiving (blog), online .20 Supranote 19. 21 Supranote 17.22 Supranote 17.23 Supranote 17.24 Supranote 17.25 Supranote 17.26 Ian Kenney, Protein Powder Toxicity (3October 2017), Livestrong (blog), online .27 Supranote 24.28 Supranote 24.29 David Lariviere, Nutritional SupplementsFlexing Muscles As Growth Industry (18 April 2013), Forbes (blog), online .30 Maeve Hanan, Protien SupplementsWeighing up the Pros and Cons, (18 October 2015), Dietically Speaking (Blog),online .31 Supranote 28.32 Supranote 28.33 Supranote 28.34 Luigi et al. Decreased consumption ofbranch chain amino acids improves metabolic health. (2016) 162 HHS PublicAccess 520, online .35 Supranote 32.36 Lily Dara, Jennifer Hewett & JosephLim, Hydr oxycut Hepatoxicity A Case series and review of liver toxicity fromherbal weight loss supplements (2008) 1445 World J of Gastroenterology 6999.37Lauren Pelley, Timothy Caulfield debunkscelebrity health trends, from gluten-free diets to colon cleanses, (8 January2015), The Star (Newspaper), online .38 Supranote 35.39 Supranote 35.40 How Instagram can encourage eatingbehaviour disorders, (3 March 2017), Eating disorder hope(Blog), online .41 Supranote 38.42 Supranote 38.43 Supranote 38.44 Vanessa Chalmers, Is Instagram making yousick? Study explains why photos of breakfast bowls and fitness inspiration candrive you to an eating disorder., (19 May 2017), Daily Mail(Newspaper),online .45 Supranote 42.46 Supranote 42.47 Supranote 42.48 Skwiat, Tim Wells,Shawn. The Truth About Supplements (2018) Biotrust Radio (ITunes Podcast).49 Eisenberg, M. E.& Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2003). Associations of Weight-Based Teasing andEmotional well-being Amond Adolescents. Archivesof Pediatrics & Adolescen t Medicine, 157(6), 733-738. 50 Neumark-Sztainer,D. R., Wall, M. M., Haines, J. I., Story, M. T., Sherwood, N. E., van den Berg,P. A. (2007). Shared Risk and Protective Factors for Overweight and DisorderedEating in Adolesecents. American Jounralof Preventative Medicine, 33(5), 359-369.51 Abramovitz, B. A. & Birch, L. L. (2000).Five-year-old girls ideas about dieting are predicted by their mothersdieting. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 100 (10), 1157-1163.