Different types of business information Essay Example for Free

Different types of business information EssayVerbal CommunicationSpeaking verbal to someone is dissertation out loud. This includes talking face to face, in a meeting or in an interview. The advantages of verbal communication are it is a fast way to reach information still this information can be easily forgotten. Another advantage is that speech is direct and straight to the point. Another advantage is that if you ask a question you fail answer straight away no occupy to wait around. However they are some disadvantages if you are talking to someone it may not be legal to talk to about specific topics. Another disadvantage is they are no proof to say you set out spoke to that person. Also if you are speaking to someone who does not speak English it is going to take time and money to get a translator. Also another disadvantage is not everyone is listening. see to FaceSpeaking face to face is a good way to communicate because you are they talking to them and you can ask those questions and get a reception straight away, also if you didnt understand something you could just ask them to repeat themselves. However they are some disadvantages, if the person youre talking to speaks a opposite language, words can be misunderstood.Phone CallMaking a phone call to someone has its advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of a phone call is you can spread abroad someone information quick and easy and you would get an answer straight away. Another advantage is that you can get straight to the point and you can pass on a phone call anywhere. The disadvantages of making a phone call is your words could be misunderstood and your line could break up.Non-Verbal CommunicationDigitale-mailEmail is very quick and a very easy way of getting in touch with other populate. Once you send an email its sends instantly, so they will receive it a lot faster than if you would have sent it by a letter in the post. There are some disadvantages you need a secure internet link to send emails, also you have to type the correct email terminus in these complications mean many people prefer to make phone calls instead of emails.Non DigitalWritten CommunicationThis is an old fashion way of communicating with other people, the advantages there is none we have faster and better technology to communicate. The disadvantages are is slow, the postal service takes up to 3 days just to deliver the letter thats if it even gets to the address because nowadays post can get lost in the system.

Impact of wireless communication devices and systems nowadays Essay Example for Free

Impact of wireless communication gubbinss and schemas nowadays EssayABSTRACTNowadays, wireless communication devices and systems set out a huge impact on everyone. This project describes the performance of the 433MHz RF mental faculty for WSN applications. The system is built wirelessly where it crumb transmit and receive signals from DHT11 which is a temperature demodulator and humidity. This 433MHz RF module is apply to transmit and receive info from Arduino Pro, which is affirm-to doe withed directly to the RF module and sensor modules. It to a fault totallyows info packets to be travel irrelevantly. There are other(a) infections such as Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Bluetooth and others but the 433MHz RF module creates more flexibility in dealing with such problems. Therefore, the 433MHz RF module is selected to arrive at the goal of the project as the RF module canful handle the problem. Additionally, the transferred data give also be sent and certain without whateve r sledding of data in the barrier or in a line of masses. These projects should examine the distance and performance of the 433MHz RF module.ABSTRAKPada masa kini, peranti dan sistem komunikasi tanpa wayar mempunyai impak yang sangat besar kepada semua orang. Projek ini menerangkan tentang prestasi modul RF 433MHz untuk aplikasi WSN. Sistem ini dibina secara wayarles dimana ianya boleh menghantar dan menerima isyarat dari DHT11 yang merupakan sensor suhu dan kelembapan. Modul RF 433MHz ini digunakan untuk menghantar dan menerima data dari Arduino Pro, yang disambungkan secara langsung dengan peranti modul RF dan sensor. Ia juga membenarkan paket data yang diperlukan untuk dipindahkan dengan jarak jauh. terdapat jugak penghantaran lain seperti Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Bluetooth dan lain-lain lagi tetapi modul 433MHz RF mencipta lebih banyak fleksibiliti dalam menangani masalah seperti ini. Oleh sebab itu, 433MHz RF modul dipilih untuk mencapai matlamat projek ini kerana modul RF dapat menang ani masalah tersebut. Selain itu, data yang telah dipindahkan juga akan dihantar dan diterima tanpa ada sebarang kehilangan data di dalam halangan mahupun garis penglihatan. Projek-projek ini perlu mengkaji mengenai jarak dan prestasi modul RF 433MHz.DEDICATIONTo my beloved parents, thank you for the sup carriage, encouragement, and concord from both of you, Mukhtar Bin Baharom and Rahmah Binti Yunus. This work is dedicated to them.AcknowledgmentThanks to Allah S.W.T for his blessing and mercy for giving me the strength to complete my task that given in Final course of instruction exteriorise. However, it is impossible for me to complete this project without help and support from anybody. So, I would comparable to thank you for all of them.I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Mohd Khanapiah Bin Nor for directional me to complete this project. He was giving me necessary information regarding the project and a lot of inspiring ideas. My appreciation als o gives to my beloved parents, family members, and friends who buzz off been behind me throughout this project for the encouragement and supported from them. I really appreciate all their help and support part Im completing this project. Lastly, I would like to sincerely thank Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for providing the facilities and equipment for me to complete my project.In the previous era, the technology application broadly speaking utilize wire but now a wireless device has become commonplace. The wireless sensor network can be defined as an application that having no wires chargeion on that devices. In addition, to make the system easy to monitor from a distant location, the RF 433MHz module was apply. So, this project gives the idea for studying details about the RF 433MHz module performance for WSN application.1.1 Project BackgroundNowadays, using the wireless sensor network (WSN) technology to monitor the environment helps someone to solve the proble ms of deployment difficulty, high cost, and realized unmanned monitoring which is mostly used in a factory, buildings, laboratory, and house. This project is to study the range and performance of the RF 433MHz module for WSN application. RF 433MHz module is popularly used in the remote control system. This range also available to use in this area. There are two types of the RF module which is transmitter and receiver. From research, using RF 433MHz module, the data can get more accurately without any data losses with the range that given than compared to another transmission for the wireless sensor network.The range that can reach by this RF module is different between outside and inside area. For inside area, it can work for 50 meters through multiple walls with an forward pass, while for the outside area, it go out be able for hundreds of meters. Besides that, a microcontroller such as Arduino also used in this project. Arduino that available for this project is Arduino PRO whic h is it has 3.3V port that will be easier to connect directly to the types of RF 433MHz module that used in this project.This project also will be studied the analysis of the data transmission by giving a few of distance between the transmitter and receiver of the RF 433MHz modules when located in the obstacles or line of sight area. Then, the data that are received will be displayed on the data processor whether there are data losses or not. The problem that becoming as issues right now is there is a lot of ways to accuse data but the problem is about the range, cost, and data losses. So, for this situation, study the performance of RF 433MHz can overcome the problem for the WSN application.The objectives of this project are to understand the range and performance of RF 433MHz module. Moreover, exploration about the transmitting and receiving the data by using the RF 433MHz module. The main work scope of this project is to make sure this project will achieve the objectives.The ma in focus of this project-i. To study and understanding the range of RF 433MHz module.ii. To transfer data by using RF 433MHz module.1.5 MethodologyIn this project, there is three part that drives to follow. For the first part, it will be focused on the conducting the literature review and do some research more detail about the RF 433MHz module. Meanwhile, for the support part, after the software package development process, the hardware development process will take over and include the testing of the project. Last part, when the hardware and software complete their part, it will be followed by testing the performance and the operation of the project to make an analysis.The methodology is the explanation of the procedures or steps when doing this project. The simulation, analysis, and evaluation of the project. A literature review is an grand step before proceeding to the project. Collecting all the required information about the 433MHz RF module from the books, journals, and we bsite. The literature review also can lead a useful information to complete the project. The idea for this project comes from the problem faced when the data that have been transmitted becomes losses with the range that provided. In this chapter, it will be explained more details about the project and also the components that will be used in this project.The frequency of 433MHz that used in the wireless sensor network can test the sending and receive the data for this range without any data losses. 433MHz RF modules required the 17cm of the antenna to support the range to send the data. The range is one of the most important parameters of any wireless system which is it defined how the transmitter and receiver can be apart from each other to send the data. A range of the outside with few obstacles the data can go through hundreds of meters. While for the indoor, the data can go over 50 meters through multiple walls. The external antenna will be soldering to the ANT on the transmitt er to get more range which is 17cm of the length of the antenna that was used.Regarding the several research that I have done from a few of journals that can relate to my project. Wireless sensor networks are currently widely used in several of monitoring and control applications. Guohua Yang and Kui Zhang (2015) have conducted a project regarding the 433MHz radio for long-range communication. They present about the connectivity, range of the communication and packet loss ratio that have been performed in the indoor and outdoor environment.The Maarten Weyn and Glenn Ergeerts (2013) conducted the survey of the DASH7 Alliance Protocol for wireless sensor network (WSN). In this research, it stated that 433MHz is an unlicensed band. They verbalise that, due to the frequency, it has a better propagation characteristic opposed to the higher frequency. The wavelength at the center of frequency is 69.14cm which is the bandwidth for the frequency is 1.84MHz. This limits the data rate of the communication at this frequency 433MHz is an ideal for low power of low data rate communication. Budi Setiyono, Sumardi, and Rafdito Harisuryo (2015) have conducted a project on measurement system of temperature, humidity and descent pressure over 433MHz radio frequency for an application on a quadrotor. They using the telemetry system which is the measurement process of data at a authentic distance. Then, they stated that data will be processed or analyzed by the receiving station. They stated on their result which is for successful transmission, the amount of data that received will be same(p) as the amount of data that have been sent.This project is to improve the data transmission with 433MHz RF modules either in obstacles or line of sight condition. The 433MHz RF modules are categorized as the lower cost, lower power consumption and the most important is when the longer the distance for data that transmit remains accurate when it received by the receiver. In theoretical, the success of data transmission is the amount of data received will be same as the data that have been sent. That means there are no data losses when the transmission occurred.Radio Frequency (RF) is a rate in the range of around at 3 kHz to 300GHz which is corresponding to the frequency of radio waves, and the alternating current that can carry the radio signals. ITU bandstand for planetary Telecommunication Union that defined for the electromagnetic frequencies that used for radar and radio. The best set of terms for frequencies used in communication. While the very lowest bands have no radar applications. The table below shows the frequency range and ITU band.The Arduino Pro is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. This microcontroller is an open-source hardware and software. The version that used in this project is 3.3V/8MHz. This version can be powered by a battery or external power supply. It has 14 digital inputs and sidetrack pins which is 6 of it can be used as PW M output, another 6 pins for the analog input, battery power jack, an ICSP header and reset button. Arduino Pro needs to connect with FTDI cable through six pins header to provide the USB power and have a communication with the board. Arduino Pro has the port for 3.3V that can supply the voltage for the transceiver. severally of the 14 digital pins on the Arduino Pro can be used as an input and output which is operated at 3.3V. Each of the pins can provide or receive a maximum of 40mA and has internal pull-up resistor (disconnect by default) of 20 until 50 kohm. The ATmega328 has 32KB and running 8MHz of the external resonator. It also has 2KB of SRAM and 1KB of EEPROM that can read and write with the EEPROM library.The operation of the Arduino microcontroller is based on the connection made on the pins. The application can be done by using the Arduino software where Arduino function can be edited according to the applications in this software. This software can work on by using th e C or C++ language.The program that has been creating the need to upload to the microcontroller by using the USB cable. If there is an error detected on the program, it will be adjusted by editing to make a castigation on the process and then the program needs to reload again. Other than that, there is another option which is using the reset button to delete all the previous program that have been upload before this to make it clear then built again.MHz RF Module version that has been used. It is because can operates in the unlicensed ISM (Industry Science and Medicine) radio band. Its available for use in the inexpensive area for short-range wireless networks of sensors. This types can operate on the 433MHz frequency and can capable of transmitting at up to 100mW and up to 300kbps. When increasing the transmit power and reducing the data rate it can increase the range of the 433MHz.DHT11 is a digital temperature and humidity sensor. Its suitable for my project that only needs to read the data about the temperature and humidity only. Micro-B is the smallest USB connector type. This type also used for the android as a cable for charging while USB port A is that can connect to PC or laptop. This USB cable needs to connect the RF transceiver module with the Arduino Pro at the transmitter and receiver.Using this board because the standard FTDI board cannot supply the enough current to run the RFM69 433MHz RF Modules. The disagreement between standard FTDI and Beefy 3 FTDI is the current that can provide which is standard FTDI provide 50mA while Beefy 3 FTDI provides up to 500mA.This chapter will be discussed the procedures and steps that used in this project. Each of the methods that were used to achieve this project will be stated and explain briefly. The purpose of the methodology is used to achieve the objective that has been stated.3.1 Software DesignIn this part, the software design is part to do the programming by using the Arduino software. The track d own of the data transmission starting signal from the reading of the temperature and humidity by using the DHT11 sensor. Then, the data will be processed by a microcontroller. It will be sent through the transmission of data by using the 433MHz RF transmitter module. When the power supply is turned on, the 433MHz RF receiver module and the microcontroller ready to accept the data that have been transmitted. After that, the data is sent by the Arduino microcontroller via a serial port to the computer for displaying the data. Based on Figure 1 and Figure 2 it showed the flow how it works.Hardware design consists of two parts which are from here it will be explained how the flow of the project will be complete. For the first part as shown in Figure 3.3 is the data obtain from the DHT11 sensor reading, then the data will be transmitted by the 433MHz RF transmitter modules. While for the second part as shown in Figure 3.4 is the data received via 433MHz RF receiver modules then sent by the Arduino PRO that connected to a computer for display.The generated data for this project should be the same with the theoretical results. Besides that, the results of this project will be compared with the theoretical results, the journals or book that have been found.

Social Reactions To Interracial Relationships

Social Reactions To Interracial RelationshipsThe United States Supreme Court In 1967 ruled that Virginias anti-miscegenation laws were not in accord with the principles set forth in the formation of the state and put a stop to all of the legal restrictions that were in place against marriages amongst mixed accelerate (Erin, 2005). Since that time in that respect has been a remarkable addition in the number of marriages amongst mix race in the United States (Lewis and Yancey, 1997), and the figures of assorted couples has withal become twice as much every decade since 1960 (Killian, 2002). Statistics show that currently there atomic number 18 around 3 billion miscellaneous marriages, which make up 5% of all marriages in the United States, and another 2.5 million mix race couples that are geological dating (Hibbler and Shinew, 2002).Interracial marriages buttocks include the combination of White, Blacks, Asians, Hispanics, and any other group. However, when people talk ab out mixed relationships, the starting line things that mostly come to their mind is relationships amongst black and white (Vernellia, 1998). The rate of growth of racial marriages is increasing by the day. In particular, the kind of sundry(a) intermingling involving Blacks and Whites has been constantly changing. instantly after Emancipation, the figures of black and white assorted relationships improverd, got to its peak in 1900, and subsequently decrease till 1940. However, this form of coalition is slake the to the lowest degree common case of mix race union (Davidson, 1992), even though the Black and White intermarriages has been on the increase since the 90s (Tucker and Mitchell-Kernan, 1990). at that place are a lot of reasons for the sharp increase in the figures of the divers(prenominal) form of sundry(a) marriages. One of the reasons is the Supreme Court decision in 1967 that made anti- miscegenation laws unconstitutional (Kalmijn, 1993). The close in the breaka ge narrowed d proclaim between Blacks and Whites education, occupation and income (Kalmijn, 1993). Also, data from National Center for Health Statistics indicates the decrease in Whites prejudice against Blacks (Kalmijn, 1993). advertise more, the increase in interracial marriage can be linked to the progress made by the Civil Rights movement, the increase in opportunities afforded Black people, and the increase in social hitting between the races (Davidson, 1992).This research aim at reviewing the historical background of interracial relationship both interracial dating and marriage, and in any case factors attri furthered to relationships amongst mix race. This research in any case focuses on the opinions of the youth to interracial relationship in the 21th century. In general, the main aim of this piece is to examine interracial relationships, whether marriage or casual dating and the position of the youths towards it, taking foreign pre- masters students at ICRGU from diffe rent regions as samples. The reason for the study of different forms of relationships is because some individual rather prefer to go into a causal date, than passing game into a serious relationships that might range to marriage. But this research will not only look at attitude towards interracial relationships from perspective of preference. It will look at possible points of meeting a mortal from another region or origin, and what might probably proceed some champion into such relationship base on personalities and compatibility. The research questions are as followsWhat are the attitudes of the youths towards relationship amongst mix race in the 21th century?How popular is relationships amongst mix race.Factors affecting relationships amongst mix race.LITERATURE REVIEWThis section of review on the interracial relationships will basically focus on three study tittles, which areThe characters of those going into interracial relationshipsTheories why people marry outside of t heir race taking blacks and whites form of union as study sample.Social reactions to interracial relationship.To start with, characteristics of those in interracial relationships, in terms of marriage, research shows that people who interracially marry tend to be younger, likelihood of being matrimonial before, alive(p) in developed environment like cities or t bear, or are older in age from their spouse compared to people who unify within their own race (Erin, 2005). Research founds that male and female within a particular racial group to an limit come different tendency to puff married to someone outside their racial group (Erin, 2005). For instance, Black male get hold of high records of interracial compared to black females. Also, Japanese and Native American woman have much higher song of interracial marriages compared to their male counterparts (Erin, 2005). In the U.S interracial marriages currently are highest in the west and lowest in the southern region. However, h ow-do-you-do breaks the normal trends of interracial marriages. Hawaii has a unique racial makeup in that no single racial group makes up more than 25% of the population and nearly 40% of all marriages interracial (Solberry, 1994). Therefore, it is significant to note that interracial couples tend to often move to more hospitable areas of the country (Tucker and Mitchellkernan, 1990).Further more, many theories have been established to explain the reasons behind people getting married to race other than their race, and winner of such marriage to stand tally of time. Structural theory states that marriages among mix race is more frequent in areas where community structure have been kept in place to support and lead interracial marriages, and also community were there is increase in awareness of peoples personal decision to go into such a union. Recent attention precondition to interracial marriage in the media and in popular literature along with more people living and working in more integrated environments has lead to an increased acceptance of heterogeneous relationships (Hibbler and Shinew, 2002).Another predominant theory on reason people chose to marry outside of their race is the social exchange theory. utilize Black-White interracial marriage for instance, social exchange theory states that when White women marry Black men, who usually are of higher economic status, they exchange the prestige of their grate color for the Black husbands higher economic status (Davidson, 1992 Kalmijn, 1993 Lewis and Yancey, 1997). However, Black women have been found to marry down in both interracial and same race unions, which seem to prove that Black-White interracial marriage is more complex than conscionable an exchange of status (Foeman and Nance, 1999). An additional theory, which attempts to account for the union of interracial relationships, is the racial motivating theory (Kouri and Lasswell, 1993). The racial motivation theory states that many interracial marriages take place because of racial differences, not in spite of them (Kouri and Lasswell, 1993). From this view, it can be tell that curiosity about differences in race, increases sexual interest or attraction to someone not of same race. This theory also says that those who intermarry may be acting in rebellion against social norms of racial endogamy and using the marriage as a way to state their independence (Kouri and Lasswell, 1993).Finally, there has been a change in the societal view of interracial marriages. Many studies have shown that there is less pressure in society today to have racially homogeneous relationships than in the past (Lewis Yancey, 1997). Never the less there are still some discriminations in some form of interracial union. Using the union of Black and White for instance, recent studies still suggest that the Black-White interracial union, especially the Black male-White female union, is still the most negatively viewed relationship type (Norment, 199 4). There have been many researches on the history of discrimination against Black-White Interracial union. Today, the relationship between Blacks and Whites is seen as different from that of other minorities. When one speaks of race relations in America, the majority of people immediately think of the struggles between Black and White people (Killian, 2002 Wright et. al, 2003). Despite the dramatic increase in Black-White marriages, they are still the least favorable form of interracial marriage in America (Wade, 1991), and they are still considered to be a taboo subject by some (Harris and Kalbfleisch, 2000). match to survey carried out among Blacks and White marriage, in the study of 270 interracial couples, it was found that nearly half account that marrying someone not from their race makes marriage difficult, opus about two thirds reported that at least one of the parent objected to their marriage (Fears and Deane, 2001). Although there is increase in the tolerance of inter racial couples, there are still powerful forces in society that make Black-White interracial marriage hard and unappealing (Dainton, 1999). Many Black-White interracial couples report that they face discrimination from members of their own particular race European Americans view them as being too Black and African Americans view them as being not Black abounding (Orbe, 1999).Another source of discrimination for those in interracial marriages is often the family. The majority of people in interracial marriages have said that they have had to face one or both parents express serious concern to outright disapproval of their choice to marry interracially. Most of the time , this disapproval are always verbalised verbally, and in the case where couple goes on with the marriage, some certain members of the family not in support of the union might refuse to attend any central event organized by the couples, such as wedding, holiday celebrations, family reunion or even family visitation. In some extreme cases, members of interracial marriages have reported having lost all contact for years at a time with once close members of their families (Luke and Carrington, 2000). But, one part of the twos couples tend to be more acceptant than the other. Studies have also found that acceptance of interracial marriages is increasing at a rapid rate and an increasing number of interracial couples are account that their families have openly accepted their interracial relationship, and they feel comfortable speaking about their relationship in public (Fears Deane, 2001, Rosenblatt et. al., 1995). However, attitudes towards interracial relationships have been found to motley based on race, age, and gender. In a study of Black and White people between the ages of 21 and 40, it was reported that men have more irrefutable attitudes towards interracial relationships compared to women, and also those that are younger have more favorable views on interracial relationships (Datzman a nd Gardner 2000). It was also found that the families of the Black partner in interracial relationships tend to be more accepting and supportive than the families of the White partner (Hibbler and Shinew, 2002). In another study eighty-six percent of Black respondents said that their families would agreeable a White person into their family compared to only 55% of White respondents who said their families would welcome a Black person into their family (Fears Deane, 2001).This research however is not just about interracial relationships among blacks and white, the review is to build up facts associated with interracial relationship considering researches already done on different topics on interracial relationships which can sponsor answer some of the research questions. This research aims at cutting across all forms of interracial relationships, and types of relationships, whether causal dating or marriages and associated factors that influences the opinion of people towards goin g into it. Also, it aims at finding the opinion of the youth towards interracial relationships in the 21th century.METHOLOGYThe research targeted at getting the opinions and attitudes of the youths towards interracial relationships, whether just casual dating or marriages. Considering the boundary both time and resources, the research were conducted among international students of ICRGU who are from different parts of the world, namely, China, Nigeria and Kazakhstan. The final sample of students consist of 4 Chinese (1 males, 3 females), 3 Nigerians (2 males, 1 female), and 3 Kazakhstanis (1 male, 2 females), all between the age of 20-35. None of the participant is married.Interviews were conducted on each of the participants to explore their attitudes toward interracial relationships. Qualitative data were collected by the means of follow-up interviews with the respondents who participated in the survey. The interviews with the respondents were semi- structured interview, includin g general questions as well as sets of questions for individuals who either have family members or friends, or know someone who was is into interracially relationship. Generally, all the questions aimed at getting disposition towards interracial relationships, and also general opinion towards interracial relationships.DISCUSSIONOver the decades now, many studies have been made on interracial relationships and so far shown many controversies. The study on interracial relationships is a wide study, but very interesting study. This research however centre on the opinion of the youths towards interracial relationships, and has been proven that there is increase in the awareness of youth towards interracial relationships, unlike in the past.The table 1 shows the numbers of participants both male and female who took part in the survey, and their opinion on whether they can go into a relationship with someone not of their race. About 60% agreed they can go into interracial relationships, while about 20% disagree not to going into interracial relationships. 20% percent others would want to, but are restricted because of some factors like family acceptance or their culture.Table 2, shows the participants general opinion towards interracial marriages, and from the table, there is a trend of acceptance in some region compared to other regions. Fig 2.1 and 2.2 shows the percentages of both male and females opinions towards interracial marriages. Figure2.1 shows individual dispositions towards interracial marriage and about 60% sounded positive of getting married to someone outside their race, and about 40% wouldnt want to get married to someone not from their race. Figure 2.2 shows the general opinion on interracial marriages, and about 90% feels vigour is reproach in going into interracial marriages, while about 10% feels interracial marriages isnt ideal.Even with challenges faced in interracial relationship, its still something one can rule out from happening. Accord ing to Mr. John, he feels with high speed travel and communication technology in this age of globalization interracial marriages will always happen irrespective of the family, cultural believes, or societal opinion. But he feels to preserve culture, interracial marriage is not ideal. Miss Ama also feels marriage has nothing to do with culture or believes. She feels as long as there is love and the both parties understand themselves, marrying each other shouldnt be a problem. She also didnt rule out difficulties that might come with the marriage such as language barriers but she said if the 2 parties are safe enough to overcome the challenges that will make them strong.Generally, from the research, it was observed most believe interracial relationships have to do with the personal decisions and feeling. According to Miss Beauty, she feels going into interracial relationship is a personal thing. She also said as long as there is respect and happiness, there is nothing wrong about int erracial relationships. To add to this, Miss Ama said feeling is a thing of the mind irrespective of color, culture or religion , you dont expect it, it just happens. When happens and you feel the person is the right choice for you, you just go for it.One of the limitations in this research is the time frame. The time frame to complete this research isnt long enough to get more samples for analyzing the topic in context. The research was restricted to little numbers of participants and limited questions to elaborate more on the factors affecting opinions so as to have enough time to execute the aim of the research. However, with previous review on related research, the aim of the research was accomplished. Another limitation was the numbers of different regions availably. In the pre masters class of ICRGU where the survey was carried out, presently have students mainly from 3 countries namely, Nigeria, China, and Kazakhstan. The effect of this is that, there were limitations to cult ural behaviors and believes considering the topic was generally on opinion of the youths in the 21th century, and just 3 countries were available for the survey.CONCLUSIONAn interracial relationship is where there is marriage, sexual or romantic relations between individuals of different races. In the past, interracial marriages were in fact taboo in some parts of the world, but with globalization there has been a change in ideology about interracial relationship. From the result of the survey, it suggests that there is increase in the awareness of interracial relationships. It also suggests there is an increase in the acceptance of going into a relationship with someone of different race. However, there are still some believes that interracial relationships, especially marriage if encourage, could lead to cultures being eradicated, in this light very few persons usage support such union so as to preserve culture. The finding in the studies also shows that about 90% of the particip ants feel there is nothing wrong in going into interracial relationships, as long as both parties love each other and have reasons to want to go into such relations, and also can solve their differences.There are some attitudes common to the participants of this survey which are,All participants are in their 20s and are all international students of ICRGU who are from different countries, and might want to try something new.They have been opportune to meet with other students from other countries. Considering might be the first time most of them have the opportunity to meet different people with different culture, color, background and country.They believe as long as the 2 parties are willing to pass the huddles, there is nothing wrong in interracial relationshipsLastly, they feel relationship is the thing of the heart. It has nothing to do with color, culture or country. As long as the two parties can cope with their differences.There are a lot of controversies on interracial rela tionships because believes of every individuals varies. But according to this research, it can be said to some extent that interracial relationships is somehow accepted and there is increase in awareness. In light of the increasing rates of interracial relationship and the opinion of people towards it, there is still a great deal of research that needs to be done on this topic. One of the researches needs to discuss more on the success of interracial marriages.

Qualitative approach to inquiry research and theory

Qualitative approach to inquiry query and possibilityFor soundly-nigh quaternary decades now, the disciplinary boundary between social sciences and humanities has drawn closer together in do to form an interpretive, soft approach to inquiry, look for, and theory (Denzin and Lincoln, 2008). Although the purpose of soft approaches is not new, it is remarkable the extent to which it has expanded through social sciences and into opposite related firmaments such as public wellness (Carter et al., 2009, Finlay, 2007, Denzin and Lincoln, 2008, Draper, 2004, Liamputtong, 2009).In the past, public health seek projects primarily involved quantitative methods and approaches (Finlay, 2007). The quantitative approach includes the traditional public health disciples of epidemiology and statistics, and medicine and biology (Draper, 2004). much broadly, this approach employs rigorous, systematic, and objective methodological analysis in order to obtain knowledge that can be generalisa ble (Denzin and Lincoln, 2008, Patton, 2002). In recent times, however, qualitative seek methods and approaches have start out increasingly accepted within public health fields (Finlay, 2007, Draper, 2004). Recognition of the value of such investigate is increasing, where the focus is on the lived experiences of an individual as well as the social context of health and illness. Although, not surprisingly, the increased popularity of the qualitative approach has been met with or so resi office (Denzin and Lincoln, 2008). A resurgent scientifically based research paradigm has developd a hostile environment for qualitative research. From this perspective, qualitative research is viewed as a soft science, and research outcomes ar a great deal thought to leave out in reliability and validity (Guba and Lincoln, 1998, Liamputtong, 2009, Denzin and Lincoln, 2008). muchover, quantitative researchers argue that the gold standard of producing worthwhile knowledge is based on quantitat ive, experimental reputation designs (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005), and that the interpretive reputation of qualitative selective information is of little value in contributing to scientific knowledge (Liamputtong, 2009, Finlay, 2007). Consequently, effort is needed from qualitative researchers to be explicit about the functioning in which research is being carried out and to obligate that process as a form of human inquiry that should be taken seriously (Crotty, 1998). More specifically, there is a need for qualitative researchers to understand and appreciate the philosophical and theoretical principles that underpin qualitative research (Draper, 2004, Carter and Little, 2007).As such, this paper testament dodge a model developed by Crotty (1998), which provides a simulation for the various philosophical and theoretical perspectives that stoop and distinguish qualitative inquiry. This frame establish offers researchers a sensation of stability and direction as they move towa rds understanding and undertaking the research process (Crotty, 1998). Next, this paper give briefly discuss the rationale behind employing qualitative approaches for research, particularly in evaluation settings and culturally diverse research contexts. However, before outlining the framework developed by Crotty (1998), it will be useful to briefly probe what is meant by the term qualitative research (Draper, 2004).Qualitative ResearchQualitative research is an area of inquiry that crosses disciplines, fields, and subject matters (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005). It includes a range of complex, interconnected terms, concepts, and assumptions. Further more than, qualitative research does not privilege a single methodological practice over another and has no theory or paradigm that is distinctly its consume (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005). The broad use of qualitative research as a term can therefore make it difficult for scholars to agree on any all-important(a) definition (Denzin and Linc oln, 2008, Strauss and Corbin, 1996). In this being said, we must establish a definition for the purpose of this discussion. Denzin Lincoln (2005) define qualitative research as a placed activity that locates the observer in the world. It is comprised of a set of interpretive, material practices that make the world visible. These practices transform the world and turn it into a series of even upations including field notes, interviews, conversations, and recordings (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005). fundamentally this means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural setting, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in the context of the meaning people bring to them. Consequently, qualitative research involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to the world (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005, Denzin and Lincoln, 2008, Patton, 2002, Draper, 2004, Liamputtong, 2009).As a starting point, during the initial stages of developing a qualitative research project it is sugg ested that two important questions are addressed (Crotty, 1998). Firstly, what methodologies and methods will be used in the proposed research? Secondly, how will the chosen methodologies and methods be justified? These questions can then be expanded into four basic elements epistemology, theoretical perspective, methodology and methods (Crotty, 1998). When undertaking social research majority of discussion and terminology relate in some ways to these four main elements, however there are numerous ways in which they are categorized (Patton, 2002, Carter and Little, 2007, Draper, 2004). What is frequently found is that the four elements are placed together in ways that suggest comparability (Crotty, 1998, Carter and Little, 2007). For example, terms such as Ethnography and Constructionism may be placed together as methodologies, approaches or perspectives (Crotty, 1998).In order to prevent confusion it is suggested that these main elements are sorted to provide some guidance when u ndertaking the research process (Crotty, 1998). Various ways to distinguish these qualitative traditions have been offered by numerous authors (Draper, 2004, Patton, 2002), including Lincoln and Guba (2005), Schwandt (2007), Crotty (1998) and Creswell (1998). However, for the purpose of this discussion, the framework (please refer to Figure 1 below) suggested by Crotty (1998) will be employed.MethodsMethodologyTheoretical billetEpistemologyFigure 1This framework offers three main epistemologies objectivism, constructionism, and subjectivism (Patton, 2002, Crotty, 1998). These three elements are then suggested to influence in varying degrees different theoretical perspectives positivism (and targetpositivism), interpretivism (symbolic interaction, phenomenology, hermeneutics), critical inquiry, feminism, and post modernism (Patton, 2002, Crotty, 1998). It is far beyond the scope of this paper to define and expand on each of these philosophical and theoretical elements outlined abov e, however it is important to be aware of the characteristics and distinctions that exist at each level of this model (Draper, 2004).Firstly, it should be noted that in many research textbooks the use of the term qualitative often implies that is forms an umbrella superior to the term paradigm (Guba and Lincoln, 1998). Furthermore, qualitative research and quantitative research are often compared against each other as polar opposites (Crotty, 1998, Johnson and Waterfield, 2004, Draper, 2004). However, as Crotty (1998) suggests, the distinction between qualitative research and quantitative research is drawn at the level of methods (Crotty, 1998). It does not occur at either the level of epistemology or theoretical perspective. What does occur at these levels is the distinction between objectivist/positivist research, on the one hand, and constructionist and subjectivist research, on the other (Crotty, 1998). As such, discussion of Crottys framework will set forth at the level of epi stemology.EpistemologyEpistemology aims to provide a philosophical foundation for deciding what kinds of knowledge are possible and how we can ensure that they are adequate and genuine (Crotty, 1998). In other words, epistemology is the study of the nature of knowledge and justification (Schwandt, 2007). This element is the starting point because epistemology creates the foundation for the research process and will directly influence other elements in the framework (Carter and Little, 2007). More specifically, decisions about epistemology will impact choice of methodology, as some epistemologies are incommensurable to certain methodologies (Carter and Little, 2007). Epistemology may withal constrain research methods, determine the relationship between researcher and participant, the appropriate measures of research quality, and the nature of reporting (Carter and Little, 2007).Although there are a variety of epistemologies (Crotty, 1998, Schwandt, 2007), Crottys framework proposes three main epistemologies objectivism, subjectivism and constructionism. Of these three, constructionism is the epistemology that qualitative researcher often invoke (Crotty, 1998). However, it is important to note that it has become common for qualitative researchers to superficially claim to be a constructionist (Crotty, 1998). When a researcher claims to be a constructionist it is critical that the deeper significance of the term is reflected on, including what does it mean for research to be constructionist? And what implications does being constructionist hold? Responses to these questions are important for reason the process in which research has been undertaken (Crotty, 1998).As previously mentioned, Crottys framework suggests that from an epistemological perspective the distinction is made between Objectivist/Positivist research, on the one hand, and Constructionist and subjectivist research on the other (Crotty, 1998). Furthermore, the distinction between qualitative and quantitative approaches is drawn at methods. As such, in accordance with this framework, research can be qualitative or quantitative, or both qualitative and quantitative, without this being problematic in any way (Crotty, 1998). However, problems would arise in the attempt of being both objectivist and constructionist (or subjectivist). Therefore, to neutralize such conflict there is a need to be consistently objectivist or consistently constructionist (or subjectivist) (Crotty, 1998).Theoretical PerspectiveNext we describe the philosophical stance that forms the base of the chosen methodology for the research project (Crotty, 1998). Inevitably, when undertaking research a number of assumptions are made in relation to the chosen methodology (Crotty, 1998). By stating what these assumptions are we are elaborating the theoretical perspective of the study (Crotty, 1998). Crottys suggests the theoretical perspectives positivism (and postpositivism), interpretivism (symbolic interacti on, phenomenology, hermeneutics), critical inquiry, feminism, and post modernism (Crotty, 1998). Generally, qualitative research is said to be broadly rooted in the interpretive tradition, while quantitative research being rooted in the positivist tradition (Draper, 2004, Liamputtong, 2009). However, Crotty offers an alternative position in regards to the distinction drawn at this level (Crotty, 1998).Crotty suggests that from the level of theoretical perspective, contrast is made between positivism vs. non positivism, not quantitative vs. qualitative (Crotty, 1998). In other words, it is possible for a quantitative piece of work to be presented in non positivist way. Moreover, qualitative research may also be understood in a positivist manner, or situated in an overall positivist setting (Crotty, 1998). For example, when investigators talk of exploring meanings by employing qualitative methods and then confirming or corroborative their findings through a quantitative study, the la tter is being approached in a positivist way. Consequently, what makes a study turn into a positivist piece of work is not necessarily the use of quantitative methods but the attribution of objectivity, validity and generalisability to quantitative findings (Crotty, 1998).MethodologyMethodology is the third level in the framework and is a term that is frequently used loosely in the literature (Carter and Little, 2007). For example, various authors refer to methodology as schools of thought or movements (such as symbolic interactionism or feminism), whole disciples (such as anthropology), or methods (such as focus groups or observation). However, the definition that will be offered for the purpose of this discussion is the research design that determines the choice and use of specific methods and connects them to desired outcomes (Crotty, 1998). Furthermore, methodology is the middle ground that exists between the discussion of methods and the discussion of the philosophy and theoret ical elements of the study. In this sense, methods and methodology are closely associated. What is required at this level of the framework is not only a description of the methodology but also an account of the rationale it provides for the choice of methods and the particular forms in which the methods are employed (Crotty, 1998).There are numerous methodological theories that researchers may adopt in qualitative research. Over the decades, methodologists have articulated various ways to approach qualitative research (Carter and Little, 2007). Some of the methodologies that Crotty (1998) suggest include Experimental research, Ethnography, Phenomenological research, Grounded theory, Action research and Discourse analysis. Among the various methodological theories that are used in qualitative research, one of the most commonly used is phenomenology (Liamputtong, 2009).When constructing methodology researchers commonly state that they will use whichever methodology that suits the obje ctives and research questions of the study (Carter et al., 2009). Although, this does not make out that this relationship exists in two directions. In other words, the methodologies provide a way of thinking that will strongly impact a studys possible objectives, questions, and study design. Importantly, however, the objectives, questions, and study design will also shape the choice of methodologies (Carter and Little, 2007). As such, the degree to which a study is undertaken within a theoretical framework will be less important that the degree to which a study can justify the internal consistently of the choices of method, methodology, and epistemology (Carter and Little, 2007).MethodsFinally, the last level of the framework that will be outlined is methods. Research methods can be defined as the particular activities that researchers engage in so as to gather and analyse their data (Crotty, 1998). Whichever data collection methods are chosen for the study, the challenge lies in b eing capable to undertake the procedure off skillfully, rigorously, and sensitively (Finlay, 2007). Given the aim of identifying and justifying the research process, it is vital that the methods are described in as much detail as possible. Crotty (1998) outlines a wide range of methods that may be employed when undertaking research (Draper, 2004), some of which include questionnaires, observation, interviews, case studies, document analysis, and focus groups. More specifically, within qualitative research there are multiple methods that may be utilized, some of the most common include Observation, Interviewing, and Focus Groups (Patton, 2002). However, it is important to note that there is no one particular method or set of methods that completely represent the qualitative approach (Schwandt, 2007).Methods are the most flexible and pragmatic components of the research process and are strongly influenced by other elements in the framework. Methods also create the pathway to the final research product (Carter and Little, 2007). There is no research without sampling, data collection, data managements, analysis, and reporting. Additionally, without careful choice of methods, the research questions will not be effectively answered and the objectives will not be met. As methods are the most accessible, observable and obligatory of the four elements in Crottys framework, it is often the element that is most attended to in practice (Carter and Little, 2007). It is also too easy to select methods because they are more familiar, faster, or easier to implement without paying sufficient attention to the research outcomes and conclusions they will produce (Carter and Little, 2007). In the health sector, qualitative research is frequently conducted without attention to the philosophical and theoretical perspectives that influence and distinguish qualitative inquiry. In these circumstances, such research will be difficult to justify unless methods, methodology, and epistemol ogy are outlined and internally consistent. By having a firm handle on the methodological and epistemological decisions, the methods should get to serve the study (Carter and Little, 2007)JustificationSince the framework developed by Crotty (1998) has been outlined, discussion will now briefly touch on the rationale for employing a qualitative approach to research, particularly in evaluation settings and culturally diverse contexts. The actual and potential employment of qualitative methods and approaches is so broad and over time is eer expanding (Patton, 2002). However, qualitative approaches are not always appropriate for all inquiry situations (Patton, 2002). Certain purposes, questions, problems and situations are more appropriate for qualitative application than others. Within the field of public health qualitative research has much to offer in terms of understanding patterns of behaviour and how particular problems arise, as well as ratting the design of interventions or s ervices (Draper, 2004).In general, within the field of public health quantitative research aims to assist both practitioners and policy makers to ensure that health education and provision are relevant to the needs of service users (Finlay, 2007). Some qualitative research will also focus more particularly on giving a voice to marginalized, vulnerable or disempowered individuals or groups, with a view to empower them to take control of their own health. Another relevant application for qualitative approaches is in the context of evaluations, since they tell the programs story by capturing and communicating participants stories (Patton, 2002). Qualitative findings in evaluations illuminate the people behind the numbers and put faces on the statistics in order to deepen understanding (Patton, 2002).More specifically, qualitative research has also become important for collecting information on the perceptions, beliefs, and values of culturally diverse groups (Caldero et al., 2000). As nations become more culturally diverse, qualitative research approaches will become more widely used. This is in the hope to achieve a better understanding of the needs of minorities and other vulnerable worlds that are experiencing less than optimal access to health care and experiencing poorer health status then the broader population (Caldero et al., 2000). The use of qualitative research is not intended to replace, but should be considered complementary to, quantitative research approaches. This will result in wider and a more realistic understanding of the health status of our diverse population (Caldero et al., 2000).ConclusionIn conclusion, it might be true that research can be end without attending to the philosophical and theoretical foundations of ones work (Carter and Little, 2007). However, this discussion suggests that having an awareness of these elements carries substantial benefit (Carter and Little, 2007, Draper, 2004). Epistemology, theoretical perspective, metho dology and methods are all fundamental concepts (Draper, 2004). Reporting our research requires us to set forth the research process we have engaged in and to do so faithfully and comprehensively (Crotty, 1998). Is it, after all, our account of the research process that establishes the credit of our research. The process itself is the only source of justification. Consequently, effort is required from researchers to be explicit about the process in which research has been carried out and to defend that process of qualitative research as a form of human inquiry that should be taken seriously (Crotty, 1998).Word Count 2950 word

The Primary Method Of Maintaining Organizational Culture Commerce Essay

The Primary Method Of Maintaining Organizational Culture Commerce EssayExplain the primary methods of maintaining placemental glossiness. What usher out care do to create a more ethical culture? Organizational Culture refers to the shared set, beliefs and assumptions of how members of an organization are expected to persuade The values that characterize an organisation. In essence, how an organization functions and gives meaning to its way of doing things is the purpose and function of culture, and this divine services to foster internal integration, bring staff members from completely levels of the organization oft closer together, and enhances their performance. It is sometimes argued that an organizations current customs, traditions and general way of doing things can be due to what it has done sooner and the successes experienced. Culture is believed to everlastingly mainly go done a three way creation process, which starts with the recruitment stage, where solicit ude employs individuals who think and feel the way they do. The recruits are then indoctrinated and socialized according to the way of opinion and feeling of the organization. And the third stage is where managements own behaviors act as a role pose that encourages employees to identify with them thereby internalizing their beliefs, values and assumptions. This is why the founders of an organization tradition solelyy have a major impact on that organizations early culture. Also, as much as culture-creation is important, much of the work usually lie with managements strategies in invest to maintain the existing culture.2.0 Methods of maintaining organizational cultureAs already mentioned, culture creation is one thing and its maintenance is an different. Once the culture has been established and accepted in an organization, there are certain practices within the organization that should act to support and maintain it. These practices are deemed crucial to the maintenance of cultu re and they accommodate the survival of the fittest practices of management, actions of the top management team, and socialization methods.The selection process includes identifying and hiring individuals who have the knowledge, skills and abilities to perform the jobs within the organization successfully. This process provides education to applicants about the organization. With the information available, candidates will be able to learn about the organization and, if they perceive a conflict between their values and those of the organization they can quit out of the selected pool. Also, actions of the executive management team have a major impact on the organizations culture. Most times an organizations executive management team establishes norms that filter down through the organization through what they say, as to whether risk taking is desirable how much freedom managers should give their employees what is canvassed an appropriate dress what actions will pay off in impairm ent of pay rises, promotions and different(a) rewards. But no matter how good a job the organization does in recruiting and selecting new employees, these employees will always find it ambitious to be fully indoctrinated in the organizations culture if there is no appropriate socialization and this has to do with the third aspect. In essence, the organization would want new employees to conciliate to its culture. Socialization involving adaptation is when the organization tries to mold an outsider into an employee. This action further contributes towards the maintenance of an organizational culture.3.0 How Management can create a more honest CultureThe culture-creation stage is genuinely important to any organization. How management create a more ethical culture is crucial to the sustainability of the organizational culture. Like I mentioned earlier, the process of culture-creation is believed to happen in three ways. But in all of these, management plays a leading role. Most times employees behaviors are primarily influenced by the behaviors of an organizations management team. From the onset, management can avoid ethical ambiguities through appropriate communications to the employees, the organizations code of ethics and ethical expectations. This code of ethics is expected to include the organizations primary values and the ethical rules that employees are expected to follow.Additionally, management can provide training on ethical issues which can be used to reenforce the organizations standards of conduct, to flip certain clarifications on the does and donts and to address possible ethical dilemmas. It is important that management consider rewards to employees for good ethical acts and likewise punish for nonconformance. These actions of management to the highest degree times prove successful in helping to create a more ethical culture in organization.Question 2 Define the merits of the Mckinsey 7-S exemplar for use as an assessment tool and dis cuss what you think is missing in the underlying 7-S Framework. dissolving agent1.0 IntroductionThe Mckinsey 7-S framework is an assessment tool true to diagnose the causes of organizational problems and to formulate programs for improvement. What this model is saying is that for an organization to perform well, there are seven elements that needs to be aligned and mutually reinforced. The model helps to identify what needs to be realigned to improve performance. This 7-S framework model was first mentioned in a publication titled, Art of Japanese Management by Richard Pascale and Anthony Athos in 1981 whiles they were investigating how Japanese industries had been successful. Around this same time, two leading management consultants, Tom Peters and Robert Waterman of the Mckinsey Company Consulting Firm were also exploring what make a confederacy excellent. Out of the works of these four scholars, the 7-S model was eventually born. After it reappeared in Peters and Watermans f amous publication, In Search of Excellence, it was taken up as a basic tool by the Global Management Consultancy Company Mckinsey. Ever since then, it became the famous Mckinsey 7-S flummox. This model involves the seven interdependent factors outlined below.Shared Values (also known as master goals)The shared values element refers to the central beliefs and attitudes of the organization what the organization stands for, its core values and its corporate/team culture. Shared values or superordinate goal are the core values of the company that are evidenced in the corporate culture and the general work ethic. These goals are the fundamental ideas round which a business is built. They can also be seen as the blood notions for future directions of the organization. Placing superordinate goals at the center of the model indicates that these values crucial to the elements of all the other critical elements. The companys structure, strategy, staff, styles and skills all stem from why the organization was originally created and what it stands for. This is because the initial vision of the company was formed from the values of the creator and as the values change it affects the other elements also.Structure (how the organization is structured)This element explains how the company/team is divided, how the team members organize and align themselves, the communication lines, and the organizational hierarchy. In such, the structure element refers to the way in which the organizations units relate to distributively other. It has to do primarily with arrangements about report relationships, line of communication, rules and procedures which exist to guide the various activities performed by various gradable position in the organizational structure. It more or less refers to the formal relationship among various positions and activities performed in the organization.StrategyHow an organization intends to achieve its objective is very important. Also, how its strategies are adjusted for environmental issues and to deal with competitive pressure is equally important. Strategy here refers to plans for the allocation of a firms scarce resources over time to die desired goals. Strategies are long-term objectives of the organization devised to maintain and build competitive advantage over the competition.Style (style of lead adopted in an organization)The style of leadership in any organization is also crucial to the success of that organization. This specifically refers to the cultural style of the organization and how key managers behave to achieving the organizational goals. It is the pattern of the management team and the tool they use to bring about organizational changes.Staff (employees and their general capabilities)Also important is the staffing issue. This refers to the number and type of mortalnel used by the organization. Staffing is the process of acquiring human resources for the organization and assuring that they have the potential to contribute to the achievement of the organizational goals. It involves the selection, placement, training and development of appropriate and qualified employees.SystemsIt is always important to consider the organizations that run an organization as vital in the 7-S model. This shows the procedures, processes and routines that characterize how the work is done in the organization. Every organization has a system of operation. It refers to the rules, regulations, procedures that compliment the organization structure. Depending on the size and type of organization, there could be financial system, recruitment, promotion and performance appraisal system, capital budgeting system, training and development system, information system, etc.SkillsSkills specifically points out to the distinctive capability of the personnel or the organization as a whole. The strongest skills represented within the company can make a difference in its success. It is important to know whether the current empl oyees/team members have the ability to do the job as expected and how are the skills monitored and assessed to do whether there are gaps.2.0 The Seven Elements CategorizedAs already stated above, the Mckinsey 7-S Model involves seven interdependent factors, which can be categorized as both Hard or Soft elements (see table below).Hard ElementsSoft ElementsSystemsStaffStrategyShared ValuesStructureSkillsStyle2.0 What is missing in the 7-S ModelA careful study of the Mckinsey 7-S Model reveals that it only provides an internal analysis of an organization. That means, the external environment is not mentioned in the 7-S model.Question 3 How can you in person reduce prejudice in this institution? Discuss the problems of prejudice in the work place and provide one example of how you can change this.Answer1.0 IntroductionPrejudice refers to a situation where one makes a basic facts are available. It is a discriminatory attitude that keeps people from dealing with a person or a situation objectively. That is, it blocks your objectivity and causes you to see things not as they are. Today, prejudice in any form, racial or social, is destructive and costly to hostelry and hence every effort must be made to reduce it if not eliminate it.2.0 How we can personally reduce Prejudice in this worldThere are many ways we can direct efforts to reducing prejudice in the world. Each of us personally have a function to confront prejudice wherever we sense it and do in our own little way to reduce the level of discrimination in our societies. From the above definition, we can start the job by asking certain questions about ourselves, and quiet literally creating a checklist to challenge our own values and views. Whenever we are tempted with this vice, we must give over to ask ourselves the following questionsIs this true?Area all the facts available?Am I over generalizing?Am I focusing on one or two negative aspects instead of considering the whole picture?Am I labeling this gr oup or person unfairly?One will realize at the end of it all that by just making the first step of looking at and questioning the common sense views we hold about people, groups and cultures would be a major step forward in opening our eyes to our own levels of prejudice and challenging the pre-conceptions we hold.There are many other methods of attack the reduction of prejudicial behavior. One of these has to do with tolerance, which more or less is the appreciation of diversity and the ability to live and let others live. Tolerance refers to our ability to crop a fair and objective attitude towards those whose opinions, practices, religion, nationality and so on differ from ones own. The approach here is that as individuals, we must continually focus on organism tolerant of others in their daily lives. Individuals with religious beliefs can reduce prejudice if they stop following intolerant teachings of religious texts. One example of how we can reduce prejudice in this regard i s by reducing our own prejudices thereby reducing prejudice in our communities.Also, our exposure to other cultures, or rather our insufficiency of it, greatly influences our understanding of what is normal behavior and what is not. The fact is that people who strongly identify with their group and have limited exposure to different cultures, people and culture are more likely to consider the values of other groups as alien and therefore be prejudice against them. As an example of how we can help reduce prejudice in this world, we must endeavor to tolerate other cultures that are alien to ours.Others believe that we must try to live as condole with as possible without sacrificing our principles.3.0 The problems of prejudice in the work placesThere are many problems associated with prejudice in our work places. These problems range from racial discrimination to other social issues. In the case of social prejudice, it kills motivation and raises overhead cost of a business. This coul d be in different forms such as, I am transgress than them, I come from a better neighborhood, I have a better education and authority and therefore I must make all the decisions, etc. Racial or social prejudice carries a heavy price, lowers efficiency and increases overhead cost.Racial prejudice is more prominent in horse opera countries. In mot cases prejudice create barriers between white-collar and blue-collar employees. One of the harmful things about prejudice in work places is that it kills communications, innovations and many other good attributes that drives a business to success. For instance, departments will limit communication with other departments craftsmen will consider production workers of low intelligence to name two. At each level, people believe lower levels have low capabilities and this becomes the mindset of the organization. Self-fulfilling prophecy proves everyone right.3.1 Example of how we can change the problem of prejudice in our work placesLets consi der and incident that occurs in one of the outlets of the organization I am working for. It is a health service provider unit that supports health insurance plot operating in a division within my organization. A patients chart was labeled High Risk in respect of HIV infection and made clearly visible to other patients and other members of staff, an action that the management of our company actually frowned at. On further investigating, we found out that the information had only been gift on display because the man was known to be homosexual and so thought of as being at risk from HIV. Everybody, including the nurses started behaving strangely to the patient and in a discriminatory way even before we realized the truth about the matter. I publicly reached out and started encouraging the patient even before I knew the facts. I engaged the patients and it was through this I came to realize that the man was a homosexual and with such information I decided to push for investigation on the matter. With this effort the truth was revealed.In another instance, one of our frontline staff at the guest service department had refused to give one of our customers an appropriate fear whilst the man was requesting for his pension payment. Upon inquiry the staff replied to me that he knows the man and that he is a drunker who does not deserve to be treated seriously. Questioning the man, we realized that he knows what he wants and his rights as a customer. After I witnessed a repetition of such behaviors from our frontline staff, I requested Management to design a comprehensive customer service training program for our frontline staff which includes a teaching on how we can reduce prejudice in discharging our official duties.Another effort I am making to change the prejudicial behaviors in our workplaces is through a deliberate effort to encourage colleagues from other religions and tribes. In the case of tribal prejudice, it is so evident in our company but I am making e nough effort to reduce it through the making of close friend from other tribes.

Digital Block For A Fucntion Generator :: essays research papers

digital Block DesignDesign introductionThe Digital Block is the heart of this digitally controlled function generator. Symmetry and frequency variation is direct result of the design of this pin. In this design the emphasis was on chasteness and some target specifications at the top of the frequency variation were compromised in order to achieve greater simplicity. This design achieves 28 frequencies in the range of 100Hz to 100kHz. Whilst the 17 frequencies from the range 100Hz to 10kHz are symmetry variable in five steps from 0.1 to 0.5. The last eight frequencies only managed to achieve symmetry variations 0.5 and 0.25. This is due to some pass factors that will be discussed later. The table of achievable frequencies can be found at the end of this report.User inputs are also digitally processed in this function generator and sent out as digital signals to other parts of this function generator namely the amplifier mental faculty. Also a permeate picker circuit is built in after the digital block. The user inputs controlling frequency and symmetry are also built into this control block.Therefore it is straighten that the digital block can be divided into 4 distinct blocks, each with its own functionality. These blocks are the control module, counter module, filter control module and 8-bit D/A. The D/A chosen is the DAC0801LCN. It&8217s specifications can be found in the appendix. The layout of this design is shown below.The interconnections will be discussed later but the onerousness of the lines indicates the number of bits in the bus lines.As the name suggests the control module takes user inputs, processes them and sends them out to the respective modules. The functionality module generates the count, varying between 0 to 255 in 256 steps or in 64 steps. The 8-bit D/A changes this count into a wave and the filter selector module selects which filter in the filter block to pass the signal through. While extensive testing has been done on the funct ionality module, the control module and filter selector module are comparatively simple and have not been tested due to the inability to do so. The control module consists primarily of switches and ROM&8217s while the filter survival module is made up of two analogue multiplexers. These modules are discussed in further detail in later sections.Control ModuleIntroductionThis block essentially converts user input into digital signals. We have four user inputs coming in, and five control signals outputted, with the extra output being generated internally.

Cold War Essay -- essays research papers

After World War II, Stalin did not remove his troops from Eastern Europe as he pledged he would in the Yalta Agreement. Instead, he setup puppet governments which did exactly as Mother Russia stated. To protect its interests for national security, the American Dream, and the belief that whole people should have the right to a democratic life, complete with liberty, equality, and a representative government. Also playing a large part in unwarmed War tensions was the US interest in protecting its profitable foreign markets. The spread of communism challenged every one of these US aims, and therefore the US became convinced it had to stop this spread. The deliberate opposition to the spread of communism to capital countries is kn possess as containment, which the US adopted in the late 1940s. The US believed it must(prenominal) do everything in its power to uphold containment and save its peoples way of life. Another theory that soon surfaced that was related to the containment theo ry was the domino theory, which stated that as one small country fell to communism, surrounding small countries would also fall to communism rapidly.In the spirit of containment, strongly supported by electric chair Harry Truman, was the main driving force behind the Korean War. Along with containment as a force was American Pride. After World War II and after Japanese occupation, Soviet troops moved in to North Korea, and the US moved in to South Korea. Each setup and supported its own go...