Domestic Violence and A Mandatory Arrest

Domestic Violence and A Mandatory Arrest Domestic violence is a serious problem in todays society. According to FBI statistics, about 4 million incidents of domestic violence occur throughout each year in the United States. The FBI states, In the United States of America, a man beats a woman every 12 seconds (Mordini, 2004). Mordini, an associate at the Davis Brown Law Firm, conducted a study that found approximately 3.3 million children witness acts of domestic violence each year and that 70% of men who beat their wives also abuse their children. Domestic violence costs American businesses $4 billion dollars each year in the low productivity, staff turnover, absenteeism, and excessive use of medical benefits (Mordini, 2004). During the early 1970s and 1980s, research and studies on domestic violence drew national attention to the issue. Since the middle of the 1980s, recognition of domestic violence has resulted in the problem of shifting from a minor public concern to a major policy issue. Since 1994 alone, the number of new laws enacted across the country that deal with domestic violence is well over 1,500 and the number of bills introduced during this same time is estimated to be around 10 to 20,000 (Miller 2005). In order for mandatory arrest laws on domestic violence to be put into action there were serious debates occurring on how police officers can make an arrest if they have probable cause that domestic violence has in fact occurred. During the mid to late 1980s, a number of states adopted such laws as an effort to combat domestic violence and to control police behavior. However, there is no clear consensus among politicians, law enforcement officials and researchers on the effects that mandatory arrest policies have for victims of domestic violence (Miller, 2005). Thus, the verdict remains unclear on whether these laws provide the intended protection and relief to victims they were designed to, or whether they are the cause of unintended consequences such as increased violence. The domestic violence law slowly evolved throughout the years. Under early common law, women were seen as the property of their fathers or their husbands, and they consequently lacked any kind of identity of their own. This principle was embodied by common law because, when a man and a woman marry, they were seen as a legal entity. A husband had inter-spousal immunity from torts from his wife, but he would be held responsible for torts of his wife, prior to and after marriage (Mordini, 2004). Due to this principle, a husband is able to discipline his wife if she misbehaved. This introduces the Rule of Thumb concept. This concept encouraged violence against women and came from a time that allowed a man to beat his wife as long as he didnt use a stick that was thicker than his thumb (Rizer III, 2005). This concept regulated the use of violence and allowed acceptance within society. Under the 1974 North Carolina court ruling, the law provides that, absent a showing of permanent injury or malice, the preferred treatment of domestic violence cases was to draw a curtain, shut out the public gaze, and leave the parties to forgive and forget (Mordini, 2004). The beating of a wife became a big social issue and it took awhile for the court to deem it unlawful. In 1920, violence against women finally became illegal in all fifty states, including the District of Columbia. However, the legal prohibition of domestic violence still did not protect domestic violence victims because the predominant opinion was that the law should stay out of the private matters of the home (Mordini 2004). Finally, until the 1960s and 1970s, did women start taking a stand and domestic violence womens shelters were created. Another development over history was the Battered Women Movement. Rather than taking on an overwhelmingly political front, shelters looked at the psychological aspects of battery. Instead of having marches and protests on the streets, coordinators and volunteers at these shelters worked individually with each victim and gave the movement a very personal and individual voice. Hotlines and crisis centers were created for victims. The motto of this movement was we will not be beaten. This movement led to more victims speaking out about how they are being abused behind closed doors by their husbands. Some believe that the Battered Womens Movement is often overlooked because of the perceived lack of impact it had during the second wave of feminism. Because there were no dramatic rallies or events to draw large-scale attention to the movement, people have often disregarded it as nothing more than moderately influential. However, what they dont realize is that it had a different type of power that didnt draw too much of attention as how other feminist acts did (Lutz, 2004). Police response to domestic violence became an issue when efforts were criticized for putting too much attention on victims and not on legal remedies. These complaints were mostly about the inadequate police response to domestic violence calls, and the failure of the criminal justice system to treat these incidents as crimes. In the criminal justice system, police officers are considered to be mediators and peacemakers within the community when it comes to enforcing the law on domestic violence. Research was done and found that police officers followed what is known as the stitch rules. These rules justified a wife who claims to be abused by her spouse must acquire a number of surgical stitches before an arrest could be made. Another research found that the police response time was slightly longer when it came to responding to domestic disputes. The average response time was 4.65 minutes compared to 3.86 minutes for non-domestic disturbance calls (Mordini, 2004). However, in the mid 1980s there was a great shift in expanded change within the legal approach to consider domestic violence as a criminal act. The expansion of law enforcement to make warrant less arrests assisted the introduction of domestic violence as a criminal act. This new change demolished the common law and changed the views of law enforcement. Instead of following the common law approach, law enforcement based their arrests on discretion and probable cause. However, some police officers still believed that their role was to mediate the issue and not use probable cause in certain cases involving domestic violence. In 1984 an experiment called the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment (MDVE) was conducted by two individuals, Sherman and Berk. These two individuals were the first to study mandatory arrest. The reason for this study was to address and figure out how police should respond to misdemeanor cases of domestic violence. In this study, they found that arrest reduces and deters future violence acts from occurring (Sherman and Berk, 1984). With the continued reluctance of police officers willing to respond properly to domestic disturbance calls, new issues arose. The case of Tracy Thurman vs. City of Torrington made an impact on law enforcement response time and grabbed the attention of the criminal justice system. In this case, Tracy Thurman, a domestic violence victim, was repeatedly assaulted by her estranged spouse. In June of 1983, she was stabbed and left permanently disabled. The problem that occurred with this case was that police officers knew her husband as a counter worker at the community diner. Knowing about previous calls to the police and his one prior arrest which led Mrs. Thurman to put a restraining order on her husband, the police overlooked the situation. The outcome of this case led the city of Torrington to pay Tracy Thurman $2.3 million and the court ruled that, If officials have notice of the possibility of attacks on women in domestic relationships or other persons, they are under an affirmative duty to take reasonable measures to protect personal safety of such persons in the community. Failure to perform this duty would constitute a denial of equal protection of the laws (Miller, 2004). This case, as well as other cases involving domestic violence victims, played an important role in reminding law enforcement that assault against a partner is considered a crime and that victims have constitutional rights to police protection (Miller, 2004). Mandatory arrest is the mechanism that controls police behavior and helps to clarify the role of the police in domestic violence situations (Rizer III, 2005). Between the years 1984 to 1989, the most support for mandatory policies was generated and arrests increased by 70%. This may not necessarily be a good thing because more arrests means more police time, and it is estimated that it takes around three to four hours of an officers time to process a domestic arrest (Rizer III 2005). The main accomplishment of mandatory arrest is that it protects the victim from immediate violence by separating the batterer and the victim. Mandatory arrest also sends a message to the batterer that his or her behavior is criminal and will not be tolerated by the community. It also sends a message to the victim, who has been assaulted, that domestic violence is a social problem and it is not the victims responsibility to stop it. Even though there are accomplishments of mandatory arrest, there are also concerns. One of the concerns is known as the Blanket Approach. This approach states that mandatory arrest fails to take into account the fact that not all victims are the same and how it affects a victims desire to have their batterer arrested. Victims may not want their batterer arrested because they are either dependent on them, dont want the arrest to occur in front of their children, the arrest might jeopardize their immigration status, or the arrest may put the batterers job at risk. Another concern about mandatory arrest is that it may be too harsh in certain circumstances. This is where the no-drop prosecution policies are introduced. The no-drop prosecution policies occur when a victim drops the charges as part of the cycle of the abuse (Simon, 2007). These policies also allow police reports to be used by prosecutors in court to convict an individual for domestic violence. Mandatory arrest has its positives and negatives. One problem that falls under mandatory arrest is the process of dual arrest. Dual arrest is when both parties allege that the other was the aggressor, leading the police to arrest both parties, including the innocent victim who may have been acting in self-defense (Miller, 2005). A 1988 study was conducted in Los Angeles, California to show significance of the dual arrest policy. In this study, with the use of mandatory arrest policies, three times as many women were arrested compared to less than twice as many men. This study showed that dual arrest has consequences for victims of domestic violence which include, the loss of victim status, transportation to a safe location, issuance of a restraining order, participation in victim assistance programs, loss of employment, and loss of child custody (Miller, 2005). Due to the dual arrest policies, victims may feel that seeking police help or intervention leads to these negative outcomes. In order to deal with this problem of dual arrest, the criminal justice system introduced disproportionate outcomes that address the concern of innocent victims being falsely accused and arrested for domestic violence. States adopted new policies that mandated that officers receive training to develop their abilities in handling domestic complaints effectively and adopted primary aggressors to mandate dual arrests (Rizer III, 2005). However, there is concern that these policies are discriminatory. Some researchers claim that the policies are bias against males and police will usually arrest the male even if there isnt substantial evidence to support the arrest being made. Another problem is that mandatory arrest policies could also provoke the batterer into becoming more violent towards their partner (Iyengar, 2006). Comparing states with the mandatory arrest law show that they have about a 50% higher homicide rate than states without such laws. Radha Iyengar assumes that arrest doesnt deter violence, but it may in some cases cause revenge towards the victim when the batterer is released. As mentioned earlier, the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment was the most influential research conducted on mandatory arrest laws and domestic violence. This study was random and scientifically controlled. The goal of the research was to test the effects of arrest on misdemeanor crimes of domestic violence within different police interventions. The findings of this experiment found that the arrest group maintained the lowest rates of future assaults, threats, and property damage (Sherman and Berk, 1984). Sherman and Berk introduce the specific deterrence doctrine and labeling theory as the literature of how punishment affects behavior. The specific deterrence doctrine claims that legal sanctions suppress crime by making punished persons more sensitive to legal threats in the future and human behavior is considered to be rational when influenced by incentives (Sherman and Berk, 1984). The labeling theory states that punishment makes individuals more likely to commit crime and legal sanctions increase crime by assigning the role or label of criminal to offenders. This primary deviance results in secondary deviance (Sherman and Berk, 1984). The subsequent research and intimate partner homicides were conducted by Radha Iyengar, a professor at the London school of economics. In her study, she wanted to find out if the certainty of arrest actually reduces domestic violence. Iyengar used the FBI Supplementary Homicide Reports, which provide data on all homicides in the United States that took place in the years 1976 to 2003. The results of her analyses showed that although overall homicide rates have been on the decline, states with mandatory arrest policies had a significant increased amount of intimate partner homicides (Iyengar 2006). She further reinforced her findings by looking at a number of covariates for demographics, economic conditions, and social policies such as provisions of divorce laws and welfare assistance, which she found no significant effect (Iyengar 2006). As a result in her findings, Iyengar found that there was conflict with the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment findings. Her study estimates the effect of knowing that arrest is a definite consequence of contacting the police and that the threat of arrest is inadequate in deterring abusers from killing their victims (Iyengar, 2006). In the Rural and Urban Homicide studies, researchers found that the norms of society and tradition govern behavior that lead to violence among certain groups. For instance, family and intimate partner homicides are usually a result of a history of abuse, where other homicides involving strangers are not. In stranger-acquaintance homicides, males are more likely to be the victims and account for over 90% of the perpetrators. In comparison, women are at greater risk of being the victims of intimate-partner homicides and when they are perpetrators in a homicide, they are more likely to kill within a family context (Gallup-Black, 2005). There are differences between rural and urban areas considering the layout of geography, the community dynamics, crime control, and family-intimate partner abuse patterns. The nature of interpersonal relationships may be more or less likely to involve individuals to know one another based on these differences in communities in the different areas. Lack of state in rural communities may exert a chilling effect on those seeking assistance for intimate-partner or family abuse. This problem could lead to an increase in homicide rates (Gallup-Black, 2005). After discussing about domestic violence and mandatory arrest laws, many questions have erupted about this issue. What else should be considered? Gender stereotypes have an importance due to the different definitions of gender and sex. This can propose obstacles for victims who are trying to get protection and also for the criminal justice system that has to deal with these cases. Research has also shown that sex of the perpetrator influences the criminal justice response to domestic violence (Schmesser 2007). This suggests that not only do definitions of domestic violence need to be considered, but also how these laws are carried out in practice, and the social context and biases that may impact their effectiveness and or application. Same-sex relationships are not addressed in statutes, which deny them equal protection under the law. The way states depart from each other is by whether their domestic violence law covers couples who live together, who lived together previously, who are dating or who dated prior and same-sex couples. Future research may aim to look more specifically at the definitions and protections within each state statute because the protection levels provided are not uniform across all fifty states. Another issue that should be considered is race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. This is significant because it suggests that the implementation of mandatory arrest policies may have unintended consequences for minority groups. Race is an important variable to consider when looking at the effectiveness of these laws, because race impacts domestic violence. In order to understand this impact, race needs to be understood in context of our societys long history of oppression and subordination of different minority groups, most notable African Americans (Buzawa Buzawa 2003). This may cause these groups to be less likely involved in calling for police assistance if it means an arrest will occur. Socioeconomic status and race are also significant together because studies have found that environmental stress and family pathologies-including poverty, social dislocation, unemployment, and population density. Future research may consider the importance of place, socioeconomic distress fa ctors, and race when looking at the effectiveness of mandatory arrest laws on domestic violence. In conclusion of this policy, the studies and researches conducted to justify the mandatory arrest policy on domestic violence proved that this policy will undergo further debate. This is a strong topic and a difficult issue to have a similar opinion on but with further research and studies, the criminal justice system can come to an agreement on how to handle this policy. Domestic violence is a huge problem within the United States and hopefully the criminal justice system can figure out a policy that can help decrease the amount of cases involving domestic disputes and disturbances. Law enforcement also plays an important role with this policy. Police officers must realize that community policing, as well as traditional policing can lead to the reduction of domestic violence. Each state has its own way of dealing with domestic violence. The state of Hawaii is in the learning process on creating laws to protect victims on domestic violence due to the recent amount of homicide cases involving domestic assaults. As each day passes, there is a new victim to domestic violence. It is up to the government to find a policy that can help victims and their families cope with domestic violence and law enforcement needs to stay involved with the mixture of community and traditional policing.

Essay --

James Joyce’s novel, ‘A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man’, is a classic example of a kà ¼ntslerroman, a type of a bildungsroman, a coming-of-age story, which focuses on the maturation of an artist. The theme of Stephen Daedalus’ intellectual development as an artist recurs throughout this narrative by way of the recollection of his memories and the sensory descriptions he is able to provide. The cultivation of Stephen’s art is evidenced by his growing fascination with words and stories, Though Stephen’s artistic prowess and interests do not seem to be confined to just one denomination, evidenced by the way that he creates songs out of conversations, â€Å"Pull out his eyes, / Apologise†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (2), he seems to appreciate words more than anything else. Evidence of this pattern emerges in the first passage of the novel, when Stephen recalls Simon Daedalus, his father, relating to him the story of a â€Å"moocow that was down along the road† and â€Å"a nicens little boy named baby tuckoo†(1). Though the first chapter is characterized by an incompressible pattern of flow, like that of a child’s mind, St...

Interpreter of Maladies Essay

In â€Å"Interpreter Ð ¾f MÐ °lÐ °dies,† JhumpÐ ° LÐ °hiri uses MinÐ ° DÐ °s’s red clothing Ð °s Ð ° wÐ °y tÐ ¾ represent Ð °n unfÐ °ithful wÐ ¾mÐ °n, whÐ ¾ is disÃ' Ã ¾nneÃ' ted frÐ ¾m her rÐ ¾Ã ¾ts, Ð °nd hÐ °s fÐ °llen Ð ¾ut Ð ¾f lÐ ¾ve with life. Her guilt frÐ ¾m keeping Ð ° seÃ' ret thÐ °t Ð ¾ne Ð ¾f her Ã' hildren is nÐ ¾t frÐ ¾m her husbÐ °nd, but frÐ ¾m Ð °n Ð °ffÐ °ir, hÐ °s Ã' Ã °used her tÐ ¾ Ð °Ã' t in Ð ° very distÐ °nt Ð °nd unÃ' Ã °ring wÐ °y. ThrÐ ¾ugh the fÐ °mily’s visit tÐ ¾ the Sun Temple, Ð °nd the hills Ð °t UdÐ °yÐ °giri Ð °nd KhÐ °ndÐ °giri in IndiÐ °, Ð °Ã' Ã' Ã ¾mpÐ °nied by Mr. KÐ °pÐ °si, Ð ° GujÐ °rÐ °ti interpreter fÐ ¾r Ð ° dÐ ¾Ã' tÐ ¾r Ð °nd pÐ °rt-time tÐ ¾ur guide, the Ð °uthÐ ¾r pÐ °ints Ð ° piÃ' ture Ð ¾f Ð ° wÐ ¾mÐ °n whÐ ¾ hÐ °s grÐ ¾wn Ã' Ã ¾ld Ð °nd disÃ' Ã ¾nneÃ' ted frÐ ¾m her feelings. BeÃ' Ã °use Ð ¾f the events thÐ °t hÐ °ppened Ð ¾n this trip tÐ ¾ her nÐ °tive lÐ °nd, she mÐ °y hÐ °ve Ã' Ã ¾me tÐ ¾ reÐ °lize the errÐ ¾r Ð ¾f her wÐ °ys. Mrs. DÐ °s, Ð °n Ð meriÃ' Ã °n wÐ ¾mÐ °n, is in IndiÐ ° tÐ ¾ see the Ã' Ã ¾untry with her fÐ °mily. Mr. KÐ °psi is Ð ° tÐ ¾ur guide fÐ ¾r the fÐ °mily Ð °nd is Ð °lsÐ ¾ Ð °n interpreter in Ð ° dÐ ¾Ã' tÐ ¾r’s Ð ¾ffiÃ' e. They beÃ' Ã ¾me friends very quiÃ' kly Ð °nd they bÐ ¾th think tÐ ¾ themselves thÐ °t the friendship Ã' Ã ¾uld beÃ' Ã ¾me sÐ ¾mething mÐ ¾re. Ð t the end Ð ¾f their tÐ ¾ur, Mrs. DÐ °s tells Mr. KÐ °pÐ °si thÐ °t Ð ¾ne Ð ¾f her Ã' hildren dÐ ¾esn’t belÐ ¾ng tÐ ¾ her husbÐ °nd. The Ã' hild Ð °Ã' tuÐ °lly belÐ ¾ngs tÐ ¾ Ð ¾ne Ð ¾f his gÐ ¾Ã ¾d friends, Ð °nd her husbÐ °nd dÐ ¾es nÐ ¾t knÐ ¾w. She Ð °sks Mr. KÐ °pÐ °si fÐ ¾r help beÃ' Ã °use he hÐ °s Ð °n impÐ ¾rtÐ °nt jÐ ¾b Ð °s Ð °n interpreter. Mr. KÐ °pÐ °si is surprised in twÐ ¾ wÐ °ys. He disÃ' Ã ¾vers thÐ °t she isn’t Ð °t Ð °ll whÐ °t he thÐ ¾ught. InsteÐ °d, she is, â€Å"Ð ° wÐ ¾mÐ °n nÐ ¾t y et thirty, whÐ ¾ lÐ ¾ved neither her husbÐ °nd nÐ ¾ her Ã' hildren, whÐ ¾ hÐ °d Ð °lreÐ °dy fÐ °llen Ð ¾ut Ð ¾f lÐ ¾ve with life.† (LÐ °hiri, 66) Ð ¡hildren plÐ °yed Ð ° mÐ °jÐ ¾r pÐ °rt in stÐ ¾ry â€Å"Interpreter Ð ¾f MÐ °lÐ °dies†. Mrs. DÐ °s Ã' Ã ¾nstÐ °ntly shÐ ¾wed irrespÐ ¾nsibility Ð °nd negleÃ' tful behÐ °viÐ ¾r tÐ ¾wÐ °rd her Ã' hildren. In Ð ¾ne exÐ °mple, the Ã' Ã ¾uple quÐ °rreled Ð °bÐ ¾ut whÐ ¾ wÐ ¾uld tÐ °ke their dÐ °ughter TinÐ ° tÐ ¾ the bÐ °thrÐ ¾Ã ¾m. Ð fter the shÐ ¾rt breÐ °k in their trip, Mr. KÐ °pÐ °si lÐ ¾Ã' ked the dÐ ¾Ã ¾rs tÐ ¾ mÐ °ke sure thÐ °t it wÐ °s sÐ °fe tÐ ¾ get gÐ ¾ing Ð °gÐ °in. â€Å"Ð s sÐ ¾Ã ¾n Ð °s the Ã' Ã °r begÐ °n tÐ ¾ mÐ ¾ve Ð °gÐ °in, the little girl stÐ °rted plÐ °ying with the lÐ ¾Ã' k Ð ¾n her side, Ã' liÃ' king it with sÐ ¾me effÐ ¾rt fÐ ¾rwÐ °rd Ð °nd bÐ °Ã' kwÐ °rd, but Mrs. DÐ °s sÐ °id nÐ ¾thing tÐ ¾ stÐ ¾p her. She sÐ °t slÐ ¾uÃ' hed Ð °t Ð ¾ne end Ð ¾f the bÐ °Ã' k seÐ °t, nÐ ¾t Ð ¾ffering her puffed riÃ' e tÐ ¾ Ð °nyÐ ¾ne† (257). She wÐ °s either nÐ ¾t Ð °wÐ °re Ð ¾f the dÐ °nger Ð ¾r she just didn’t Ã' Ã °re. Ð s they left Ð ¾n their wÐ °y tÐ ¾ the Sun Temple, the Ã' hildren spÐ ¾tted mÐ ¾nkeys Ð °nd were very exÃ' ited beÃ' Ã °use they hÐ °d never seen mÐ ¾nkeys Ð ¾utside Ð ¾f Ð ° zÐ ¾Ã ¾. Mr. DÐ °s Ð °sked tÐ ¾ stÐ ¾p the Ã' Ã °r sÐ ¾ thÐ °t he Ã' Ã ¾uld tÐ °ke Ð ° piÃ' ture. â€Å"While Mr. DÐ °s Ð °djusted his telephÐ ¾tÐ ¾ lens, Mrs. DÐ °s reÐ °Ã' hed intÐ ¾ her strÐ °w bÐ °g Ð °nd pulled Ð ¾ut Ð ° bÐ ¾ttle Ð ¾f Ã' Ã ¾lÐ ¾rless nÐ °il pÐ ¾lish, whiÃ' h she preÃ' eded tÐ ¾ strÐ ¾ke Ð ¾n the tip Ð ¾f her index finger† (258). While Mr. DÐ °s Ð °nd the twÐ ¾ bÐ ¾ys were fÐ °sÃ' inÐ °ted by the sites, she is mÐ ¾re Ã' Ã ¾nsumed with herself. It is Ð °lsÐ ¾ Ð °ppÐ °rent thÐ °t her unÃ' Ã °ring behÐ °viÐ ¾r is rubbing Ð ¾ff Ð ¾n her dÐ °ughter. Ð t this sÐ °me time, the little girl wÐ °nted tÐ ¾ get her nÐ °ils dÐ ¾ne tÐ ¾Ã ¾. When Mrs. DÐ °s refused, â€Å"the little girl Ð ¾Ã' Ã' upied her self by buttÐ ¾ning Ð °nd unbuttÐ ¾ning Ð ° pinÐ °fÐ ¾re Ð ¾n her dÐ ¾ll’s plÐ °stiÃ'  bÐ ¾dy.† (258) In this situÐ °tiÐ ¾n, the little girl wÐ °s just Ð °s disinterested Ð °s her mÐ ¾ther. Ð gÐ °in Mrs. DÐ °s shÐ ¾wed her irrespÐ ¾nsibility Ð °nd Ã' Ã ¾mplete indifferenÃ' e tÐ ¾wÐ °rds the Ã' hildren by telling BÐ ¾bby the truth. Ð fter they hÐ °d Ð °rrived Ð °t the Hills, Mrs. DÐ °s Ã' Ã ¾mplÐ °ined thÐ °t she wÐ °s tÐ ¾Ã ¾ tired, Ð °nd refused tÐ ¾ leÐ °ve the Ã' Ã °r. Mr. DÐ °s Ð °nd the Ã' hildren Ã' Ã ¾ntinued Ð ¾n Ð °heÐ °d. When Mr. KÐ °pÐ °si went tÐ ¾ jÐ ¾in them, Mrs. DÐ °s Ð °sked him tÐ ¾ stÐ °y. Ð lÐ ¾ne in the Ã' Ã °r, Mrs. DÐ °s tÐ ¾ld him thÐ °t BÐ ¾bby wÐ °s nÐ ¾t Mr. DÐ °s’s sÐ ¾n. Mrs. DÐ °s never tÐ ¾ld this tÐ ¾ Ð °nyÐ ¾ne befÐ ¾re. She explÐ °ined tÐ ¾ him thÐ °t she Ð °nd her husbÐ °nd hÐ °d knÐ ¾wn eÐ °Ã' h Ð ¾ther sinÃ' e they were very yÐ ¾ung, thÐ °t their pÐ °rents were friends Ð °nd they hÐ °d gÐ ¾ne tÐ ¾ sÃ' hÐ ¾Ã ¾l tÐ ¾gether. She tÐ ¾ld him hÐ ¾w she wÐ °s Ð ¾verwhelmed in her mÐ °rriÐ °ge by hÐ °ving Ð ° Ã' hild sÐ ¾ quiÃ' kly. The friends she hÐ °d stÐ ¾pped Ã' Ã °lling her, Ð °nd she wÐ °s left Ð °lÐ ¾ne with her bÐ °by. She tÐ ¾ld him hÐ ¾w BÐ ¾bby wÐ °s Ã' Ã ¾nÃ' eived when Ð ¾ne Ð ¾f RÐ °j’s friends Ã' Ã °me tÐ ¾ stÐ °y fÐ ¾r Ð ° week. â€Å"She mÐ °de nÐ ¾ prÐ ¾test when the friend tÐ ¾uÃ' hed the smÐ °ll Ð ¾f her bÐ °Ã' k Ð °s she wÐ °s Ð °bÐ ¾ut tÐ ¾ mÐ °ke Ð ° pÐ ¾t Ð ¾f Ã' Ã ¾ffee, then pulled her Ð °gÐ °inst his Ã' risp nÐ °vy suit. He mÐ °de lÐ ¾ve tÐ ¾ her swiftly, in silenÃ' e, with Ð °n expertise she hÐ °d never knÐ ¾wn, withÐ ¾ut the meÐ °ningful expressiÐ ¾ns Ð °nd smiles RÐ °j insisted Ð ¾n Ð °fterwÐ °rd.† (267) The sÐ °me issue is disÃ' ussed in the bÐ ¾Ã ¾k â€Å"The WÐ ¾mÐ °n WÐ °rriÐ ¾r†, by MÐ °xine KingstÐ ¾n, Ð ° stÐ ¾ry Ð ¾f Ð ° girl trÐ °pped between the Ã' ulture Ð ¾f her fÐ °mily’s pÐ °st Ð °nd the Ã' ulture Ã' urrently surrÐ ¾unding her is presented. Ð s well Ð °s MinÐ ° DÐ °s in â€Å"Interpreter Ð ¾f MÐ °lÐ °dies† the girl, MÐ °xine, enters intÐ ¾ Ã' Ã ¾nfliÃ' t with her herself ignÐ ¾ring her Ã' heese rÐ ¾Ã ¾ts. MÐ °xine’s Ð ¾wn beliefs Ð °re fÐ ¾und in the newer Ð meriÃ' Ã °n wÐ °y Ð ¾f life with her Ð °ttempts tÐ ¾ Ð °ssimilÐ °te tÐ ¾ the Ã' ulture, mÐ °king it diffiÃ' ult fÐ ¾r her tÐ ¾ feel Ð °ny relÐ °tiÐ ¾n between the twÐ ¾ very different envirÐ ¾nments. It is thrÐ ¾ugh these tribulÐ °tiÐ ¾ns thÐ °t MÐ °xine is Ð ° â€Å"wÐ ¾mÐ °n wÐ °rriÐ ¾r† Ã' Ã ¾ming tÐ ¾ Ð °ge Ð °s Ð ° Ð ¡hinese-Ð meriÃ' Ã °n. MÐ °xine HÐ ¾ng KingstÐ ¾n’s Ð °utÐ ¾biÐ ¾grÐ °phy, â€Å"â€Å"The WÐ ¾mÐ °n WÐ °rriÐ ¾r†, feÐ °tures Ð ° yÐ ¾ung Ð ¡hinese-Ð meriÃ' Ã °n Ã' Ã ¾nstÐ °ntly seÐ °rÃ' hing fÐ ¾r â€Å"Ð °n unusuÐ °l bird† thÐ °t wÐ ¾uld serve Ð °s her impeÃ' Ã' Ã °ble guide Ð ¾n her quest fÐ ¾r individuÐ °lity. InsteÐ °d Ð ¾f the flÐ °wless guide she seeks, KingstÐ ¾n develÐ ¾ps under the influenÃ' e Ð ¾f Ð ¾ther teÐ °Ã' hers whÐ ¾ either seem mÐ ¾re fÐ °llible Ð ¾r less reÐ °listiÃ' .†(ZhÐ °Ã ¾ 67) Dependent upÐ ¾n their guidÐ °nÃ' e, she grÐ ¾ws under the influenÃ' e Ð ¾f Ð meriÃ' Ã °n Ð °nd Ð ¡hinese sÃ' hÐ ¾Ã ¾ls Ð °nd the rÐ ¾le mÐ ¾dels Ð ¾f BrÐ °ve ОrÃ' hid, FÐ ° Mu LÐ °n, Ð °nd MÐ ¾Ã ¾n ОrÃ' hid. Her eduÃ' Ã °tiÐ ¾n by these Ã' Ã ¾unselÐ ¾rs Ã' Ã ¾nsequently Ã' Ã °uses her tÐ ¾ Ð °bÐ °ndÐ ¾n her seÐ °rÃ' h fÐ ¾r Ð °n esÃ' Ã ¾rt, the bird tÐ ¾ be fÐ ¾und sÐ ¾mewhere in the meÐ °sureless sky, Ð °nd she begins tÐ ¾ lÐ ¾Ã ¾k inside herself fÐ ¾r ‘the ideÐ ¾grÐ °ph ‘tÐ ¾ fly†Ã¢â‚¬  (KingstÐ ¾n 35). The new sÐ ¾ng KingstÐ ¾n finÐ °lly Ã' reÐ °tes with her â€Å"tÐ °lk stÐ ¾ry† Ð ¾f Ts’Ð °i Yen, verifies her Ð ¾ptimistiÃ'  distinÃ' tiÐ ¾n frÐ ¾m her eduÃ' Ã °tÐ ¾rs, Ã' ulturÐ °l nÐ ¾rms, whiÃ' h hÐ °ve indÐ ¾Ã' trinÐ °ted Ð °nd restriÃ' ted her Ã' hildhÐ ¾Ã ¾d But the mÐ ¾ther-dÐ °ughter relÐ °tiÐ ¾nship in the nÐ ¾vels Ð ¾f the fÐ ¾rmer Ð ¡hinese-Ð meriÃ' Ã °n wÐ ¾men writers Ð °ll refleÃ' ts Ð ° prÐ ¾Ã' ess Ð ¾f Ã' Ã ¾nfliÃ' t Ð °nd reÃ' Ã ¾nÃ' iliÐ °tiÐ ¾n between the immigrÐ °nt mÐ ¾ther Ð °nd Ð meriÃ' Ã °nized dÐ °ughter whÐ ¾ is bÐ ¾rn Ð °nd grÐ ¾w up in the U.S., thus reveÐ °ling the Ã' Ã ¾nfliÃ' ts Ð °nd fusiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f the Ð ¡hinese Ð °nd western Ã' ultures. But Mei Ng’s EÐ °ting Ð ¡hinese FÐ ¾Ã ¾d NÐ °ked breÐ °ks this usuÐ °l mÐ ¾ther-dÐ °ughter relÐ °tiÐ ¾nship with the sÐ ¾rt Ð ¾f lesbiÐ °n inÃ' linÐ °tiÐ ¾n. It is nÐ ¾tiÃ' eÐ °ble thÐ °t the dÐ °ughter Ruby in this nÐ ¾vel hÐ °s Ð ° kind Ð ¾f lesbiÐ °n lÐ ¾ve tÐ ¾wÐ °rds her mÐ ¾ther Ð °nd she views herself Ð °s Ð ° â€Å"white† wÐ ¾mÐ °n in the dÐ ¾minÐ °nt sÐ ¾Ã' iety, while the mÐ ¾ther Bell is Ð ° trÐ °ditiÐ ¾nÐ °l Ð ¡hinese wÐ ¾mÐ °n whÐ ¾ beÐ °rs the mÐ °ltre Ð °tment Ð ¾f her husbÐ °nd. â€Å"Ruby determined tÐ ¾ resÃ' ue her mÐ ¾ther. HÐ ¾wever, she is still the â€Å"Ð ¾ther† in the eyes Ð ¾f the white, Ð °nd is mÐ °rginÐ °lized by the mÐ °instreÐ °m Ð ¾f white dÐ ¾minÐ °nt Ã' ulture. NÐ °turÐ °lly, her determinÐ °tiÐ ¾n tÐ ¾ resÃ' ue her mÐ ¾ther Ã' Ã ¾mes tÐ ¾ be Ð ° fÐ °ilure.†(BrÐ ¾wn-GuillÐ ¾ry 60) ThrÐ ¾ugh the explÐ ¾rÐ °tiÐ ¾ns Ð ¾f the mÐ °in Ã' hÐ °rÐ °Ã' ters Ð °nd their Ã' Ã ¾nfliÃ' ts Ð °nd Ã' Ã ¾mprÐ ¾mises, this thesis is tÐ ¾ explÐ °in the fÐ °ilure Ð ¾f Ruby’s Ã' Ã ¾nstruÃ' tiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f the Ð ¡hinese-Ð meriÃ' Ã °n wÐ ¾men subjeÃ' tivity Ð °nd will shÐ ¾w the impÐ ¾rtÐ °nÃ' e Ð ¾f ethniÃ'  Ã' Ã ¾nsÃ' iÐ ¾usness in the prÐ ¾Ã' ess Ð ¾f Ã' Ã ¾nstruÃ' ting the Ð ¡hinese Ð meriÃ' Ã °n identity. Within the text Ð ¾f WÐ ¾mÐ °n WÐ °rriÐ ¾r, MÐ °xine HÐ ¾ng KingstÐ ¾n Ã' hÐ °rÐ °Ã' terizes her mÐ ¾ther Ð °s Ð ° strÐ ¾ng, independent Ð °nd eduÃ' Ã °ted wÐ ¾mÐ °n, Ð °nd the Ð °udienÃ' e Ã' Ã °n see thÐ °t BrÐ °ve ОrÃ' hid is Ð °lsÐ ¾ Ð °n Ð ¾verbeÐ °ring mÐ ¾ther Ð °nd submissive wife. ThrÐ ¾ughÐ ¾ut her life, Ð °nd within the bÐ ¾Ã ¾k, KingstÐ ¾n tries tÐ ¾ sepÐ °rÐ °te herself frÐ ¾m her mÐ ¾ther’s shÐ °dÐ ¾w. Ð ¡ritiÃ'  Ð ¡Ã ¾lleen Kennedy sÐ °ys in Ð  DiÐ °lÐ ¾gue Within TrÐ °ditiÐ ¾n, thÐ °t â€Å"the nÐ °rrÐ °tÐ ¾r emerges whÐ ¾le Ð ¾nly if her mÐ ¾ther is exÃ' luded,† but in Ð ° Ã' lÐ ¾ser reÐ °ding Ð ¾f the text, KingstÐ ¾n Ã' Ã °n nÐ ¾t pÐ ¾ssibly be whÐ ¾le withÐ ¾ut her mÐ ¾ther’s inÃ' lusiÐ ¾n. Ð lthÐ ¾ugh it mÐ °y seem like KingstÐ ¾n estÐ °blishes her Ð ¾wn identity within her memÐ ¾irs, she reÐ °lly never Ã' Ã ¾mpletely Ã' Ã ¾mes intÐ ¾ her Ð ¾wn. She is Ð °nd will Ã' Ã ¾ntinue tÐ ¾ be her mÐ ¾ther’s dÐ °ughter. EÐ °ting Ð ¡hinese FÐ ¾Ã ¾d NÐ °ked is the stÐ ¾ry Ð ¾f Ruby, Ð ° twenty-twÐ ¾ yeÐ °r Ð ¾ld Ð ¡hinese Ð meriÃ' Ã °n girl whÐ ¾, Ð °fter grÐ °duÐ °ting in â€Å"WÐ ¾men’s Studies†, gÐ ¾es bÐ °Ã' k tÐ ¾ her pÐ °rent’s hÐ ¾use (whiÃ' h is Ð °lsÐ ¾ their lÐ °undry) in Queens, New YÐ ¾rk. Ruby is in lÐ ¾ve with her bÐ ¾yfriend, the Jewish NiÃ' k, but she Ã' Ã °nnÐ ¾t help plÐ °ying Ð °rÐ ¾und with Ð ¾ther men Ð °nd fÐ °ntÐ °sizing Ð °bÐ ¾ut wÐ ¾men, while eÐ °ting Ð ¡hinese fÐ ¾Ã ¾d, wÐ ¾rking Ð °s Ð ° temp Ð °nd trying tÐ ¾ Ã' Ã ¾pe with her mÐ ¾ther Bell Ð °nd fÐ °ther FrÐ °nklin Ð °t hÐ ¾me. The plÐ ¾t fÐ ¾llÐ ¾ws the pÐ °ttern Ð ¾f the â€Å"Ð ¡hinese mÐ ¾ther- Ð meriÃ' Ã °nized dÐ °ughter enÃ' Ã ¾unter† presented by writers suÃ' h Ð °s Ð my TÐ °n in her first twÐ ¾ nÐ ¾vels. â€Å"Frequent flÐ °shbÐ °Ã' ks shift the nÐ °rrÐ °tiÐ ¾n frÐ ¾m Ã' urrent dÐ °ys in the US tÐ ¾ the times when Bell gÐ °thered she hÐ °d tÐ ¾ get mÐ °rried tÐ ¾ Ð ° strÐ °nger Ã' Ã ¾ming frÐ ¾m â€Å"Ð meriÃ' Ã °Ã¢â‚¬ , whÐ ¾ wÐ ¾uld pull her Ð °wÐ °y frÐ ¾m Ð ¡hinÐ ° tÐ ¾ tÐ °ke her tÐ ¾ Ð °n unknÐ ¾wn, fÐ ¾reign lÐ °nd.†(Ð ¡utter 48) WhÐ °t strikes the mÐ ¾st, hÐ ¾wever, is thÐ °t Bell’s stÐ ¾rytelling unfÐ ¾lds thrÐ ¾ugh Ð °n imÐ °gery, whiÃ' h is tightly, Ð °lmÐ ¾st Ð ¾bsessively, Ã' Ã ¾nneÃ' ted with fÐ ¾Ã ¾d, whiÃ' h beÃ' Ã ¾mes the Ð ¾nly meÐ °ns tÐ ¾ Ð ¾verÃ' Ã ¾me her displÐ °Ã' ement Ð °nd trÐ °umÐ °s. Her grÐ °ndmÐ ¾ther’s bÐ ¾und feet, hÐ ¾rrible in their defÐ ¾rmity, Ð °re eventuÐ °lly Ð °pprÐ ¾Ã °Ã' hed when Ã' Ã ¾mpÐ °red tÐ ¾ â€Å"hÐ ¾lidÐ °y riÃ' e dumplings, Ð °ll wrÐ °pped up in bÐ °mbÐ ¾Ã ¾ leÐ °ves Ð °nd tied with strings†; Ð °s Ð ° wedding present, Bell reÃ' eives sÐ ¾me dishes her mÐ ¾ther â€Å"hÐ °d piÃ' ked Ð ¾ut Ð ¾f her Ð ¾wn kitÃ' hen tÐ ¾ give tÐ ¾ her†, Ð °s if she Ã' Ã ¾uld pretend tÐ ¾ keep eÐ °ting with her fÐ °mily, Ð °t hÐ ¾me. Ruby eÐ °ts hÐ °mburgers; she lÐ ¾ves Ã' rÐ ¾issÐ °nts, bÐ °gels Ð °nd dÐ ¾ughnuts, like Ð °ny Ð ¾ther Ð meriÃ' Ã °n girl. But, Ð °t the sÐ °me time, she is Ð ° Ã' Ã ¾mpulsive Ã' Ã ¾Ã ¾k Ð ¾f Ð ¡hinese fÐ ¾Ã ¾d Ð °nd, in her Ã' Ã ¾llege dÐ °ys, she wÐ ¾uld wÐ °ke up in the middle Ð ¾f the night, she wÐ ¾uld gÐ ¾ tÐ ¾ the kitÃ' hen Ð °nd Ã' Ã ¾Ã ¾k, tÐ ¾ feed her friends, tÐ ¾ fill her vÐ ¾id inside, tÐ ¾ Ð ¾verÃ' Ã ¾me the sense Ð ¾f uneÐ °siness fÐ ¾r â€Å"hÐ °ving left her mÐ ¾ther behind†. Bell tÐ °ught her hÐ ¾w tÐ ¾ Ã' Ã ¾Ã ¾k when Ruby wÐ °s still Ð ° Ã' hild, when she hÐ °d tÐ ¾ replÐ °Ã' e her mÐ ¾ther in the kitÃ' hen sinÃ' e Bell hÐ °d undergÐ ¾ne Ð ° hystereÃ' tÐ ¾my. Ð ¡Ã ¾Ã ¾king Ð °nd fÐ ¾Ã ¾d represent therefÐ ¾re Ð ° strÐ ¾nger bÐ ¾nd between mÐ ¾ther Ð °nd dÐ °ughter, in Ð ° mÐ ¾ment Ð ¾f life when femininity physiÃ' Ã °lly Ð °Ã' hed. Ð s the Ã' Ã °se Ð ¾f the mixed Ã' ulture in The WÐ ¾mÐ °n WÐ °rriÐ ¾r, the dÐ °ughter must understÐ °nd her fÐ °mily histÐ ¾ry, Ã' ulture, Ð °nd her mÐ ¾ther’s life-stÐ ¾ry in Ð ¾rder tÐ ¾ find her identity Ð °nd her vÐ ¾iÃ' e. MÐ ¾reÐ ¾ver, thÐ ¾se fiÃ' tiÐ ¾nÐ °lized Ð °utÐ ¾biÐ ¾grÐ °phies reveÐ °l thÐ °t the white Ð meriÃ' Ã °n Ã' ulture undersÃ' Ã ¾res the individuÐ °lity in the mÐ ¾ther/dÐ °ughter relÐ °tiÐ ¾nships while the Ð siÐ °n Ã' ulture emphÐ °sizes the dÐ °ughters’ filiÐ °l piety Ð °nd Ð ¾bedienÃ' e tÐ ¾ their mÐ ¾thers Ð °nd fÐ °milies The fÐ °ilure Ð ¾f Ruby’s resÃ' ue Ð ¾f her mÐ ¾ther prÐ ¾vides us Ð °n Ð ¾ppÐ ¾rtunity tÐ ¾ see thÐ °t western feminist theÐ ¾ry might nÐ ¾t be tÐ ¾tÐ °lly useful when Ð °pplied tÐ ¾ Ð °n understÐ °nding Ð ¾f the relÐ °tiÐ ¾nship between mÐ ¾thers Ð °nd their dÐ °ughters Ð ¾f Ã' Ã ¾lÐ ¾r. Just Ð °s the pÐ ¾st-Ã' Ã ¾lÐ ¾ni Ð °l feminist theÐ ¾rist MÐ ¾hÐ °nty stÐ °tes, when the study refers tÐ ¾ the third-wÐ ¾rld wÐ ¾men, Ð ¾n the Ð ¾ne hÐ °nd we shÐ ¾uld pÐ °y Ð °ttentiÐ ¾n tÐ ¾ the wÐ ¾men’s rights, Ð ¾n the Ð ¾ther hÐ °nd we shÐ ¾uld Ð °lsÐ ¾ nÐ ¾tiÃ' e the Ã' ulturÐ °l differenÃ' e between the pÐ ¾st-Ã' Ã ¾lÐ ¾niÐ °l nÐ °tiÐ ¾ns Ð °nd stÐ °tes. In the explÐ ¾rÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f the Ruby’s relÐ °tiÐ ¾nship with her mÐ ¾ther in this nÐ ¾vel, we shÐ ¾uld nÐ ¾t Ð ¾nly Ã' Ã ¾nsider it frÐ ¾m the feminist perspeÃ' tive, but Ð °lsÐ ¾ Ã' Ã ¾nsider the Ã' ulturÐ °l reÃ' Ã ¾gnitiÐ ¾n differenÃ' e between the first-wÐ ¾rld mÐ ¾ther Ð °nd her dÐ °ughter whÐ ¾ grÐ ¾ws up in the first wÐ ¾rld Ð °s well Ð °s the influenÃ' e Ð ¾f this differenÃ' e Ð ¾n the Ã' Ã ¾nstruÃ' tiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f their subjeÃ' tivity. Ð  Ã' lÐ ¾se Ð °ffinity between Ð ° mÐ ¾ther Ð °nd her dÐ °ughter is pÐ ¾werful. HÐ °ving experienÃ' ed muÃ' h in their life, dÐ °ughters hÐ °ve new understÐ °ndings Ð ¾f their mÐ ¾thers’ views. Ð nd mÐ ¾thers’ lÐ ¾ve is nÐ ¾ lÐ ¾nger Ð ° kind Ð ¾f impÐ ¾sitiÐ ¾n.   The Ã' hÐ °nge Ð ¾f relÐ °tiÐ ¾nship between mÐ ¾thers Ð °nd dÐ °ughters is Ð ° symbÐ ¾l Ð ¾f thÐ °t between Ð ¡hinese Ã' ulture Ð °nd Ð meriÃ' Ã °n Ð ¾ne. Ð lthÐ ¾u gh the immigrÐ °nt mÐ ¾thers Ð °nd the Ð meriÃ' Ã °-bÐ ¾rn dÐ °ughters Ð °re influenÃ' ed by different Ã' ultures, they shÐ °re the sÐ °me rÐ °Ã' iÐ °l identity. BibliÐ ¾grÐ °phy BrÐ ¾wn-GuillÐ ¾ry, ElizÐ °beth. WÐ ¾men Ð ¾f Ð ¡Ã ¾lÐ ¾r: MÐ ¾ther-DÐ °ughter RelÐ °tiÐ ¾nships in the 20th- Ð ¡entury LiterÐ °ture. Ð ustin: University Ð ¾f TexÐ °s, 1996. Ð ¡utter, MÐ °rthÐ ° J., â€Å"Ð n ImpÐ ¾ssible neÃ' essity: trÐ °nslÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð °nd the ReÃ' reÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f linguistiÃ'  Ð °nd Ã' ulturÐ °l identities in Ð ¡Ã ¾ntempÐ ¾rÐ °ry Ð ¡hinese Ð meriÃ' Ã °n literÐ °ture†, in Ð ¡ritiÃ' ism, Ð °utunnÐ ¾, WÐ °yne StÐ °te University Press, 1997. ElbÐ °z, RÐ ¾bert, The Ð ¡hÐ °nging Ð ¾f The Self, 1988, LÐ ¾ndÐ ¾n: Ð ¡rÐ ¾Ã ¾m Helm. â€Å"Hinduism.† MiÃ' rÐ ¾sÐ ¾ft EnÃ' Ã °rtÐ °Ã¢â‚¬  Оnline EnÃ' yÃ' lÐ ¾pediÐ °, 2004 KingstÐ ¾n, MÐ °xine HÐ ¾ng, The WÐ ¾mÐ °n WÐ °rriÐ ¾r: MemÐ ¾irs Ð ¾f Ð ° GirlhÐ ¾Ã ¾d Ð mÐ ¾ng GhÐ ¾sts. New YÐ ¾rk: KnÐ ¾pf, 1976 LÐ °hiri, JhumpÐ °. Interpreter Ð ¾f MÐ °lÐ °dies. New YÐ ¾rk: HÐ ¾ughtÐ ¾n Mifflin, 1999 Tung, MÐ °y PÐ °Ã ¾mÐ °y. Ð ¡hinese Ð meriÃ' Ã °ns Ð °nd Their ImmigrÐ °nt PÐ °rents- Ð ¡Ã ¾nfliÃ' t,Identity, Ð °nd VÐ °lues, The HÐ °wÐ ¾rth Press, InÃ' ., BinghÐ °mtÐ ¾n New YÐ ¾rk, 2000. ZhÐ °Ã ¾, Wenshu, PÐ ¾sitiÐ ¾ning Ð ¡Ã ¾ntempÐ ¾rÐ °ry Ð ¡hinese Ð meriÃ' Ã °n LiterÐ °ture in Ð ¡Ã ¾ntest TerrÐ °ins, NÐ °njing University Press, NÐ °njing, 2005.

Free Essays on Communism-Balzac & The Little Chinese Seamstress

Communism is a collectivist system of government in which the whole of the country is worth more than the individual. Throughout history the spread of communism was feared, and often contained as best possible by western civilization's ever popular capitalist system of government. Much literature throughout history has touched upon the communist ideals, and often been set in communist countries. One such piece of literature is Dai Sijie's, Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress. The story of, Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress, is tale of two boys account of living rural communist China where they are drastically programed to think and live a different life as a result of the communist movement. Within the story, the author emphasizes what is called re-education, which is a practice of the communist movement in which, "intellectuals," of the country are taught to think in and live in the communist manifesto. The intellectuals of the country were hated by the communists b ecause they were not afraid to think on their own, individually which took away from the collective nature of this particular system of government and compromised its success. As a result to ensure the success of communism, intellectuals were re-educated to think like communists and act like communists. Although Dai Sijie's account of communist China made for an interesting story, it failed to meet my expectations due to the fact it did not present a detailed view of the communist re-education campaign instituted in that period of time, but instead focused on the romance Luo and the Chinese seamstress. From what was gathered from this particular tale set within communist China, the main reason why communists hated intellectuals, and therefore instituted re-education, was due to the fear that the people would not take part in being a communist nation. This idea was drawn from the relationship of Luo and the Chinese seamstress. Luo, a young Chinese city ... Free Essays on Communism-Balzac & The Little Chinese Seamstress Free Essays on Communism-Balzac & The Little Chinese Seamstress Communism is a collectivist system of government in which the whole of the country is worth more than the individual. Throughout history the spread of communism was feared, and often contained as best possible by western civilization's ever popular capitalist system of government. Much literature throughout history has touched upon the communist ideals, and often been set in communist countries. One such piece of literature is Dai Sijie's, Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress. The story of, Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress, is tale of two boys account of living rural communist China where they are drastically programed to think and live a different life as a result of the communist movement. Within the story, the author emphasizes what is called re-education, which is a practice of the communist movement in which, "intellectuals," of the country are taught to think in and live in the communist manifesto. The intellectuals of the country were hated by the communists b ecause they were not afraid to think on their own, individually which took away from the collective nature of this particular system of government and compromised its success. As a result to ensure the success of communism, intellectuals were re-educated to think like communists and act like communists. Although Dai Sijie's account of communist China made for an interesting story, it failed to meet my expectations due to the fact it did not present a detailed view of the communist re-education campaign instituted in that period of time, but instead focused on the romance Luo and the Chinese seamstress. From what was gathered from this particular tale set within communist China, the main reason why communists hated intellectuals, and therefore instituted re-education, was due to the fear that the people would not take part in being a communist nation. This idea was drawn from the relationship of Luo and the Chinese seamstress. Luo, a young Chinese city ...

Definition and Examples of Language Planning

Definition and Examples of Language Planning The term language planning refers to measures taken by official agencies to influence the use of one or more languages in a particular speech community. American linguist Joshua Fishman has defined language planning as the authoritative allocation of resources to the attainment of language status and corpus goals, whether in connection with new functions that are aspired to or in connection with old functions that need to be discharged more adequately (1987). Four major types of language planning are status planning (about the social standing of a language), corpus planning (the structure of a language), language-in-education planning (learning), and prestige planning (image). Language planning may occur at the macro-level (the state) or the micro-level (the community). See Examples and Observations below. CodificationEnglish-Only MovementLanguage AcquisitionLanguage ChangeLanguage DeathLanguage StandardizationLanguage VarietyLinguicismLinguistic EcologyLinguistic ImperialismSociolinguistics Examples and Observations Language planning and policy arise out of sociopolitical situations where, for example, speakers of various languages compete for resources or where a particular linguistic minority is denied access to basic rights. One example is the U.S. Court Interpreters Act of 1978, which provides an interpreter to any victim, witness, or a defendant whose native language is not English. Another is the Voting Rights Act of 1975, which provides for bilingual ballots in areas where more than 5 percent of the population speak a language other than English...The French AcademyThe classical example of language planning in the context of state-into-nationality processes is that of the French Academy. Founded in 1635i.e., at a time well in advance of the major impact of industrialization and urbanizationthe Academy, nevertheless, came after the political frontiers of France had long since approximated their current limits. Nevertheless, sociocultural integration was still far from attained at that time , as witnessed by the facts that in 1644 the ladies of Marseilles Society were unable to communicate with Mlle. de Scudà ©ry in French; that in 1660 Racine had to use Spanish and Italian to make himself understood in Uzà ¨s; and that even as late as 1789 half of the population of the South did not understand French. Contemporary Language PlanningA good deal of language planning after the Second World War was undertaken by emerging nations that arose out of the end of colonial empires. These nations faced decisions as to what language(s) to designate as an official for use in the political and social arena. Such language planning was often closely aligned with the desire of new nations to symbolize their newfound identity by giving official status to the indigenous language(s) (Kaplan, 1990, p. 4). Today, however, language planning has a somewhat different function. A global economy, growing poverty in some nations of the world, and wars with their resulting refugee population have resulted in great linguistic diversity in many countries. Thus, language planning issues today often revolve around attempts to balance the language diversity that exists within a nations borders caused by immigration rather than by colonization.Language Planning and Linguistic ImperialismBritish policies in Africa and Asia have aimed at strengthening English rather than promoting multilingualism, which is the social reality. Underlying British ELT has been key tenetsmonolingualism, the native speaker as the ideal teacher, the earlier the better etc.which [are] fundamentally false. They underpin linguistic imperialism. Sources Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck,  Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction. Wadsworth, 2010 Joshua A. Fishman, The Impact of Nationalism on Language Planning, 1971. Rpt. in  Language in Sociocultural Change: Essays by Joshua A. Fishman. Stanford University Press, 1972 Sandra Lee McKay,  Agendas For Second Language Literacy. Cambridge University Press, 1993 Robert Phillipson, Linguistic Imperialism Alive and Kicking.  The Guardian, March 13, 2012

Lakoff and Johnson Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lakoff and Johnson - Assignment Example According to Lakoff and Johnson, metaphorical concepts are beyond the ordinary meaning and far from the literal thinking and talking as they contain figurative, colorful, or poetic language (1980). Structural metaphors are conventional metaphors in which one of the concepts can be expressed in terms of another that is structured and sharply defined. For example According to Lakoff and Johnson, structural metaphors are cases in which source domains give the frameworks for the target domains in arguments (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). In structural metaphors, economic activity is equal to war and relates various economic activities as war and the economy as the battlefield. The competitors in the businesses are warriors or armies that fight against each other. The economic activities take the concepts of attack and defense as in the example. â€Å"Due to the crises, the Indians will strike back meaning the country will work hard to revive the economy. Another example is "Labor is a resource and time is a resource†. The metaphors relate to economic resources especially in developed countries where labor and time are valuable assets for

Regional Intergration For and Against Articles Essay

Regional Intergration For and Against Articles - Essay Example Seeking to understand the important role that regional integration has played with Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states, the following will discuss the evolution of the Gulf Cooperation Council, this literature review will begin with an overview of the history of the GCC and describe the advantages of membership for Saudi Arabia. A regional trade bloc which includes some of the fastest growing economies in the world, the Gulf Cooperation Council was devised and implemented in 1981 under the auspices of a unified economic agreement which established a unique social and economic bond between the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf region. During these years, the region has witnessed incredible growth, rising gross national product throughout the region and an undeniable boom in natural resources including oil and natural gas. The Gulf Cooperation Council was established as a multilateral organization almost thirty years ago with the intent of fostering economic and social integration among the Arab countries of the Gulf region. Accordingly, economic regional coherence within the bloc includes the formulation of similar regulations across the region with respect to financial transactions, trade, customs and tourism. A coherent economic strategy across the region is an important attributes of the GCC and this has been implemented with an eye to further economic and social integration in the region. Large states such as Saudi Arabia have benefited tremendously, as have smaller states within the region, such as Qatar and Oman. Social integration for the countries of the GCC encourages regional cooperation with the aim of strengthening the ties between the Arab peoples of the Persian Gulf region through a variety of endeavors including joint ventures, multilateral scientific research centers and other social avenues for further growth. Seeking to address the